short case study on disaster management for class 9

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Disaster Management Project Class 9

As part of the CBSE 9th 2024–25 syllabus, students are required to prepare and submit Social Science projects on disaster management. Educart has created a special page filled with inspiring ideas for various parts of this project.

Here, you will find creative cover page designs, well-designed acknowledgment pages, and even complete project files (in video form) showcasing the top projects on disaster management from previous years.

short case study on disaster management for class 9

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Project Structure

The index, also called the Table of Contents, usually comes after acknowledgment. It contains the main heading of the topics arranged in a sequence. Here is an example for reference purpose.

Start your class 9 project on disaster management by providing a brief introduction and overview of disaster management. Define disaster followed by the definition of disaster management. Use the following reference to understand the meaning of disaster management, and write the intro part of the project.

https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster-management

https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/Disaster_about.pdf

https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/what-is-disaster-management/

https://www.iwapublishing.com/news/disaster-management

Explain why disaster management is important given India’s diversified climatic conditions. Explain natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts, etc.

https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/disaster-management-cycle/

Write two different types of natural and man-made disasters, along with examples.

3.1 Natural Disasters

Start with the definition—Natural hazards are environmental events that can affect societies and the human environment. They are different from man-made hazards. For example, a flood caused by changes in river flows is a natural hazard, while a flood caused by a dam failure is a man-made hazard.

Now, describe various natural disasters and their impacts. Quote a few, e.g., of natural disasters like:

Earthquakes
Hurricanes/Cyclones
Volcanic Eruptions
Avalanche, etc.

https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/natural-hazards

3.2 Man-Made Disasters

Next, write about man-made disasters, how they are caused, etc., along with quoting a few examples, like:

Industrial Accidents
Nuclear Disasters
Environmental degradation

https://sdma-arunachal.in/manmade-disasters/

Mention the vulnerability profile of India, discussing the States and Union Territories that are disaster-prone. Describe all the factors, both natural and man-induced, responsible for the vulnerability of these states.

https://iasscore.in/data-story/vulnerability-profile-of-india

https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/disaster-management-i

Write about the two worst disaster cases in India that impacted the lives of millions of people. Mention the following two:

5.1 Natural Disaster: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

5.2 Man-Made Disaster: Bhopal Gas Tragedy

https://recovery.preventionweb.net/collections/recovery-collection-2004-indian-ocean-earthquake-and-tsunami

Define what disaster risk reduction is, write about all phases and also describe the disaster management cycle.

6.1 Phases of Disaster Management

Under this topic, describe the key phases of disaster management i.e., the pre-disaster phase, the disaster phase, and the post-disaster phase, and mention all the key components of this phase.

Preparedness
Rehabilitation

https://home.akitabox.com/blog/4-phases-of-disaster-management/

6.2 Disaster Management Cycle

Mention various national and international bodies and their role in disaster management.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)

Mention the Disaster Management Act of 2005. Highlight the key points and explain how the act is beneficial in disaster management.

As technology develops, so does its application, and it has not left any field unaffected. So, describe how technology helps predict, prepare for, and respond to disasters. Provide examples of technologies used in disaster management, such as early warning systems, GIS mapping, and communication tools.

https://www.drishtiias.com/blog/tech-driven-disaster-management-changing-the-game

Other Measures to Prevent Disasters

Write some of the measures that should be taken to mitigate disasters, for eg:

Disaster resilient infrastructure
Climate Change Adaptation
Environmentally Sustainable Development
Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping
Urban Planning and Development

https://www.nextias.com/blog/disaster-management/

Once you have written down all the important points in your disaster management project for class 9, you should summarize the key points discussed in your project and highlight the importance of effective disaster management for community resilience and safety.

The last page of your project should be a bibliography. Here, you have to provide a list of sources you used for your research, whether books, websites, articles, or any other relevant materials.

Below is the list of references used to provide you with all the important information on the disaster management project for class 9. This might be useful for you, so please do check this out.

https://www.iwapublishing.com/news/disaster-management

https://iasscore.in/data-story/vulnerability-profile-of-india https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/geop15/chapter/issues-and-challenges-in-disaster-management/

Explain the main difference between natural and man-made disasters with examples?
How many phases are there in Disaster Management cycle?
What measures can be taken to improve disaster preparedness in communities?
Describe the role of government agencies in disaster mitigation.
What are some challenges faced during the response phase of disaster management?

Examples: Cover Images

Here are a few cover page ideas for the disaster management project for class 9.

Examples: Acknowledgement / Index page

Have a look at few creative examples for your project acknowledgement and Index Page.

Videos: Topper Project Files

Here are some video links to inspire your disaster management project.

Project Idea- Video 1

Project Idea- Video 2

Project Idea- Video 3

Project Idea- Video 4

Pdfs: full projects.

Download full project PDF of disaster management file for CBSE class 9

Sample Project 1

Sample Project 2

Sample project 3, sample project 4, sample project 5, sample project 6, other projects.

<red> → <red> SST Social Issues Project for Class 10

<red> → <red> SST Sustainable Development Project for Class 10

<red> → <red> SST Consumer Awareness Project for Class 10

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Disaster Management Project for Class 9 – Complete Guide

Written By Avinash Sharan

Class 9 | projects 9, 13 comment(s), 10th may 2020, disaster management project.

It is mandatory to do a Disaster Management project for class 9 students every year.

According to CBSE, students studying in class IX have to submit a handwritten project on Disaster Management.

Topics will be provided by the school. The topic may be Natural Disasters or Man-Made disasters.

The purpose of giving this Disaster Management project to class 9 students is to make them prepared for any disaster.

Further, they can also spread awareness to the mass about the precautions to be taken at the time of National/Local Disasters.

Are you looking for a project on Tsunamis? Simply click the link https://shapingminds.in/project-on-tsunami/

To get the latest project on Sustainable Developmen t, click on the link.

“Project On Heat Stroke”- Understanding the Risks and Prevention

Things to be kept in mind while doing the project

Follow cbse guidelines strictly..

Firstly, USE A-4 size file paper (one side ruled)
Secondly, Use blue or black ink to write your project.
Thirdly, design the cover page in such a way that it reflects your topic.
Fourthly, write the Topic of the project, Name, Class, and Sec, and Roll no. on the cover page in bold letters.
Use the bottom space for your Name, Class, and sec, Roll no.
However, the project work should not be less than 15 pages (including the cover page)
Be ready for Viva or written assignments based on your project.
Utilize summer vacation / Lockdown time to complete your project.
Lastly, do not use plastic covers.

Disaster Management Project Page-Wise With Subheadings

SEQUENCE OF PAGES: DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT

http://https://youtu.be/mJNT3fdo0hM

will be your cover page with topics like

TOPIC: COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIA and then show your creativity in designing the page.

Page No. 2:

Acknowledgment: (what should be written) see an example below.

Acknowledgment

From the core of my heart, I am very thankful to everyone who all supported me, for I have completed my project effectively and moreover on time. I am overwhelmed in all humility and grateful to acknowledge my depth to all those who helped me to put these ideas well. equally grateful to my ( NAME OF SUBJECT TEACHER ) for giving me moral support and guidance in doing this project. It would be an injustice if I do not thank my parents who helped me a lot in collecting data, pictures, and continuous help and support. With their able guidance, encouragement, and support, I could complete my project on time.

Thanking you,

( Name of the student)

Page No.4 & 5:

a short description of COVID-19 and a brief history of how it spread. Take the help of Newspapers or the Internet. (minimum 2 pages i.e. pg 4 & 5):

Read about the seven most frequently asked questions on International Date Line

Introduction – A brief History of COVID 19

Coronavirus actually belongs to the Coronaviridae family. It represents crown-like spikes on the outer surface of the virus, therefore, it was named as coronavirus. This virus is minute in size and causes the acute respiratory syndrome. These viruses were thought to infect only animals until the world witnessed a severe outbreak caused by SARS in Guangdong, China.

At the end of 2019, Wuhan- a fast-emerging business hub of China experienced an outbreak of coronavirus, killing more than 1800 and infected our 70 thousand individuals in just a span of 50 days. Health officials are still tracing the exact source of this new coronavirus, early findings (hypothesis) thought it may be linked to s seafood market in Wuhan. However, the first reported case came on 1st December, which had no link to the seafood market. Therefore, investigations are going on to find the exact reason for the originating and spread of COVID-19.

In 2003, an outbreak of SARS stands for the severe acute respiratory syndrome. An outbreak of SARS started in China and spread to other countries before ending in 2004. Coronavirus also known as COVID-19 seems to spread faster than the 2003 SARS and also may cause severe illness.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the virus as SARS- CoV 19 and the disease COVID-19.

The Disaster Management Project 2024 On Nuclear War

IF YOU ARE IN CLASS IX, THE FOLLOWING LINKS MAY BE HELPFUL TO YOU

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Project On Tsunami: 13 Pages You Must Include In Your Disaster Management Project

Page No. 6 & 7

Mention the causes and symptoms:

Coronavirus typically affects the respiratory tracts of birds and mammals including humans. Doctors associate them with the common cold, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome.

The main way the disease spreads is through respiratory droplets expelled by someone who is coughing. The risk of catching COVID-19 from someone with no symptoms at all is very low.

However, many people with COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms. This is particularly true at the early stages of the disease. It is therefore possible to catch COVID-19 from someone who has, for example, just a mild cough and does not feel ill.

Empowering Women: Legal and Political challenges for women in West Asian countries

Common Symptoms

Researchers in China found that the most common symptoms among people who had COVID-19 include:

Loss of appetite

Shortness of breath and Mucus.

However, these symptoms usually begin 2 to 14 days after you come into contact with the virus.

There may be other symptoms as well such as sore throat, headache vomiting etc.

If you have any of these symptoms then

i) isolate yourself.

ii) stay away from others as much as possible.

iii) stay in a closed room and use a separate soap, towel, clothes, handkerchief and if possible toilet and bathroom.

If you are below 10 years of age or above 50 years of age with diabetes, blood pressure, weakness etc., then you are at a high risk of complications.

Therefore, immediately call your doctor and seek immediate medical help.

Page No. 8:

The extent of damage : On this page, you have to mention the extent of damage done in different countries. Take the help of newspapers or the internet for the latest information. You can also show the spread of this virus in different countries on the world map with different colors.

Uncovering the Effects of Natural Disasters on Communities – A Disaster Management Project

Steps taken by the government to combat this disaster: You may explain:

i) Lockdown

ii) Precautions to be taken during the lockdown period like social distancing, sanitizing hands, etc.

Very Important for TERM II (Case study-based questions)

TERM II CLASS IX – GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET ON CLIMATE – SOLVED

Case Study Based Questions From Natural Vegetation And Wildlife – Term II (SOLVED)

Page No 10 & 11

Contribution of people who are involved in combating this disaster. In this page you can mention about the role of Doctors, Nurses, Police, people involved in maintaining cleanliness etc. in details along with images, drawings, pictures, newspaper cuttings etc on the left side of your page.

Page No. 12

Lessons Learnt:

what lessons have you learnt from this disaster.

Page No 13 INCLUDE DO’S AND DONT’S IN YOUR DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT

HEADING: Do’s and dont’s for next time to avoid such disasters.

Mention about a few things which can be done everyday to protect yourself from this disaster in points.

Similarly Mention about a few things which you should not do to protect yourself from this disaster in points.

Page No. 14:

Bibliography: A bibliography usually contains about the websites you visited, the newspapers name from where you have collected the data or pictures, etc. Whichever book, magazine, shops or websites you have visited, you must mention about that.

Page No. 15:

Keep the last page of your project for teacher’s remarks and grade/marks.

6. Lastly, go for spiral bound cover and submit your project.

Just invest 1 day and 13 pages to complete your project on Tsunami as per CBSE norms.

THERE IS NO RULE FOR NUMBER OF PAGES BUT IT SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 15. YOU MAY ADD FEW MORE PAGES ALSO IF YOU WANT.

Follow Guidelines of CBSE strictly on Disaster Management Project.

Was this article helpful to you? Please like , share and subscribe .

Do You Want To Do A Project On Man Made Disaster, Then Click On The Given Link.

Get the latest project on Sustainable Developmen t, click on the link.

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13 Comments

Thank you ji

Thanku it really helps me

Bro you helped me alot

Thank you once again. Avinash Sharan.

I want disaster management on earthquake

very good this helped me in making my project

Welcome Purushottam.

It is very much helpful . Thank You so much Sir.

Thank you Bhoomi.

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Disaster Management Project for Class 9, Download PDF File

The Disaster Management Act was passed by the Lok Sabha on 28th Nov 2005, and by the Rajya Sabha, Narendra Modi, the PM of India, launched the Disaster Management Project.

Table of Contents

Disaster Management Project

Disaster management in India is one of the most crucial points of discussion because of India’s highly diversified Climate. Indian Subcontinent is frequently evident of natural catastrophes such as Cyclones, earthquakes, floods, and droughts. Disaster management is the process of planning for and responding to natural disasters. It entails carefully organizing resources to mitigate the damage caused by calamities. It also entails a systematic strategy for handling catastrophe prevention, readiness, response, and recovery duties. n the article we will discuss it’s types, how to prepare Disaster Management Projects for Class 9 and 10 students along with new project ideas.

What is Disaster Management Project Class 9?

According to the United Nations, a disaster is a major disruption of a community or society’s ability to function that involves extensive affects on people, property, the economy, or the environment and beyond the capacity of the affected community or society to deal using its own resources.

Disaster management is the process by which we “prepare for, respond to and learn from the effects of big failures”. It is how we cope with the human, material, economic, or environmental impacts of a given disaster. Disasters can have human causes, despite the fact that nature frequently causes them. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies defines a disaster as when a risk affects individuals who are already weak. Check disaster management project in details.

What is Disaster?

A disaster is a sudden, catastrophic event that causes significant disruption, damage, and destruction, affecting the lives, property, and environment of a community or region. Disasters can be natural or man-made, and they often require emergency response and recovery efforts to manage the aftermath and assist affected populations.

Disasters can take many different forms. Disasters, in whatever shape they take, disturb communities and can have major consequences for people, property, businesses, and the environment. They frequently test a community’s ability to cope. Human-caused disasters, such as industrial explosions or structural breakdowns, are the result of human error. Natural catastrophes are caused by physical occurrences such as earthquakes and droughts. Complex disasters might include epidemics or armed conflicts.

Types of Disaster for Class 9 Students

Types of Disasters are categorised into the following types-

Floods, hail storms, cloudbursts, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, and hurricanes are all examples of water-related disasters .
Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tornadoes are examples of geological disasters .
Man-made disasters include urban and forest fires, oil spills, and the collapse of massive constructions.
Biological disasters include viral outbreaks, pest invasions, livestock epidemics, and locust plagues.
Chemical and industrial mishaps, mining shaft fires, and oil spills are examples of industrial disasters.
Nuclear disasters include nuclear core meltdowns and radiation burn, sickness.

Disaster Management Cycle

Organizations and people use the disaster management cycle, which consists of a sequence of processes, to plan for, contain, and mitigate unforeseen disasters. These could include unforeseen property damage, natural disasters, or other occurrences that put other people’s lives in peril. After the initial crisis has passed, the disaster management cycle assists everyone in minimising the effects of unforeseen events and recovering as much resources as possible. A disaster management cycle aids persons affected by disasters by assisting in their reconstruction, regrouping, and recovery.

Disaster Management Act, 2005 for Class 9 & 10 Students

The Lok Sabha enacted the Disaster Management Act on November 28, 2005, and the Rajya Sabha did it on December 12, 2005. On January 9, 2006, the Indian President gave his approval. The Act mandates the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), whose chairman shall be the Prime Minister of India. At any given moment, the NDMA can only have nine members total, including the vice-chairperson. The NDMA members are appointed for a five-year term. On 27 September 2005, the NDMA was formally established in accordance with Section 3(1) of the Disaster Management Act after being first established on 30 May 2005 by executive order. The NDMA is in charge of “setting down the rules, plans, and procedures for disaster” as well as making sure that disaster responses are swift and efficient. It is tasked with establishing “guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the national Plans” in accordance with Section 6 of the Act. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 acknowledges Disaster Management as a crucial process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and implementing measures which are necessary for-

Prevention of the threat of any disaster
Reduction of risk of any disaster or its consequences
Readiness to deal with any disaster
Promptness in dealing with a disaster
Assessing the severity of the effects of any disaster
Rescue and relief
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Project on Disaster Management

A disaster management project is a strategy created to aid a community or organisation in disaster prevention, response, and recovery. Natural or man-made, disasters can result in a variety of harm, including destruction of physical property, injuries, and fatalities.

A disaster management project’s objective is to lessen the effects of a disaster by:

Identifying potential risks and hazards
Creating plans to reduce the risks and hazards
preparing people for disaster response
putting in place a structure to manage relief operations

CUET 2024 Samarth 2.0 Arts Complete Batch

Project on Disaster Management for Class 9 PDF

The disaster management project pdf is given below so that candidates who want to use this pdf in their file can download it by clicking on below link.

Disaster Management Project PDF

Disasters Management Project Types

Hazard mitigation projects: These projects are designed to reduce the impact of a disaster by reducing the risk of a hazard occurring or by reducing the damage that a hazard can cause. For example, a hazard mitigation project might involve building a levee to protect a community from flooding or planting trees to help prevent erosion.
Emergency response plans: These plans outline how a community or organization will respond to a disaster. They typically include information on how to evacuate people, how to provide food and water, and how to provide medical care.
Recovery plans: These plans outline how a community or organization will recover from a disaster. They typically include information on how to rebuild infrastructure, how to provide financial assistance, and how to help people get back to their normal lives .
Natural disasters management projects
Man made disasters management projects

Natural Disasters Management Projects

The disasters which are caused by nature are termed natural disasters. For examples: earthquakes, floods, droughts, etc.

Earthquake	An earthquake is a rapid, intense shaking of the ground that results from the movement of the earth’s crust and causes significant destruction. It’s possible for a tsunami or volcanic eruption to result from an earthquake.
Cyclone	Cyclones are a sort of intense spinning storm that develops over the ocean near the tropics (or, more accurately, tropical cyclones).
Flood	Flooding is when there is an unusually deep presence of water on land that interferes with daily activity. River flooding, flash floods, severe rainfall that occurs quickly, or an extraordinary inflow of sea water onto land are all possible causes of flooding (ocean flooding). Storms such as hurricanes (storm surge), high tides (tidal flooding), seismic occurrences (tsunami), or significant landslides can all result in ocean flooding.
Volcanic disasters	Volcanic disasters are caused by lava flows, volcanic mudflows, and pyroclastic flows triggered by volcanic activities such as eruptions. It covers extensive areas; volcanic disasters can cause large-scale damage and serious personal injury. Secondary disasters such as debris flows are often triggered by rainfall after a volcanic eruption.

Man-made Disasters Management Projects

The disasters which are the results of human activities are known as man-made disasters. For examples: road accidents, and terrorist attacks.

Road accidents	India has a high rate of traffic accidents because to careless driving, inexperienced drivers, and subpar road and vehicle upkeep. India is responsible for 13% of all fatal road accident injuries worldwide, according to Lifeline Foundation, an organisation with a base in Ahmedabad that promotes road safety.
Building collapses	Building collapses are frequent in India where construction is often hastily done, with little regard for safety regulations, particularly in the western part of the country.
Terrorist attacks	Devastating acts such as the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon have left many concerned about the possibility of future incidents in the United States and their potential impact. Terrorism may involve devastating acts using weapons of mass destruction ranging from chemical agents, biological hazards, a radiological or nuclear device, and other explosives.

Tips for developing a disaster management project

Here are some tips for developing a disaster management project.

The first stage in creating a project on disaster management is identifying the potential risks and hazards that your community or organisation may encounter. You can achieve this by performing a hazard analysis.
Identify potential hazards and risks, then create plans to reduce them. This is necessary after you have determined what potential risks and hazards exist. This could entail creating evacuation preparations, planting trees, or establishing levees.
Teach people how to handle emergencies: It’s crucial to teach individuals how to handle emergencies. This can entail instructing individuals in evacuation procedures, first aid techniques, or how to assist the injured.
Create a system for coordinating relief efforts: It’s critical to have a system in place for coordinating relief efforts in the case of a disaster. This can entail creating a command centre or a communication strategy.

Disaster Management Agencies in India

Some agencies are involved in disaster management that we study below in detail

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):- The National Disaster Management Authority, or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, governed by the Prime Minister of India. It is charge of the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
National Executive Committee (NEC):- The NEC is composed of high-profile ministerial members from the government of India that consist of the Union Home Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the Government of India (GoI)like Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, etc. The NEC covers the National Plan for Disaster Management as per the National Policy on Disaster Management.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):- The Chief Minister of the respective state is the head of the SDMA.The State Government has a State Executive Committee (SEC) which assists the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on Disaster Management.
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):- The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. The DDMA ensures that the guidelines framed by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the departments of the State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the District.
Local Authorities:- Local authorities would include Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment 11 Institutional and Legal Arrangements Boards, and Town Planning Authorities which control and manage civic services.

Sharing is caring!

Que. What are the 4 types of disaster management project?

Emergency managers think of disasters as recurring events with four phases: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery.

When was Disaster Management in India?

On 23 Dec 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act.

What are the 2 main types of disasters?

Types of Disasters - Natural and Human-Caused Disasters.

What is the main aim of disaster management project?

The ultimate goal of the disaster-management project leader is to minimize the event's impact, something that involves preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation.

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Kerala flood case study

Kerala flood case study.

Kerala is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India. The state has the 13th largest population in India. Kerala, which lies in the tropical region, is mainly subject to the humid tropical wet climate experienced by most of Earth’s rainforests.

A map to show the location of Kerala

Eastern Kerala consists of land infringed upon by the Western Ghats (western mountain range); the region includes high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. The wildest lands are covered with dense forests, while other areas lie under tea and coffee plantations or other forms of cultivation.

The Indian state of Kerala receives some of India’s highest rainfall during the monsoon season. However, in 2018 the state experienced its highest level of monsoon rainfall in decades. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), there was 2346.3 mm of precipitation, instead of the average 1649.55 mm.

Kerala received over two and a half times more rainfall than August’s average. Between August 1 and 19, the state received 758.6 mm of precipitation, compared to the average of 287.6 mm, or 164% more. This was 42% more than during the entire monsoon season.

The unprecedented rainfall was caused by a spell of low pressure over the region. As a result, there was a perfect confluence of the south-west monsoon wind system and the two low-pressure systems formed over the Bay of Bengal and Odisha. The low-pressure regions pull in the moist south-west monsoon winds, increasing their speed, as they then hit the Western Ghats, travel skywards, and form rain-bearing clouds.

Further downpours on already saturated land led to more surface run-off causing landslides and widespread flooding.

Kerala has 41 rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea, and 80 of its dams were opened after being overwhelmed. As a result, water treatment plants were submerged, and motors were damaged.

In some areas, floodwater was between 3-4.5m deep. Floods in the southern Indian state of Kerala have killed more than 410 people since June 2018 in what local officials said was the worst flooding in 100 years. Many of those who died had been crushed under debris caused by landslides. More than 1 million people were left homeless in the 3,200 emergency relief camps set up in the area.

Parts of Kerala’s commercial capital, Cochin, were underwater, snarling up roads and leaving railways across the state impassable. In addition, the state’s airport, which domestic and overseas tourists use, was closed, causing significant disruption.

Local plantations were inundated by water, endangering the local rubber, tea, coffee and spice industries.

Schools in all 14 districts of Kerala were closed, and some districts have banned tourists because of safety concerns.

Maintaining sanitation and preventing disease in relief camps housing more than 800,000 people was a significant challenge. Authorities also had to restore regular clean drinking water and electricity supplies to the state’s 33 million residents.

Officials have estimated more than 83,000km of roads will need to be repaired and that the total recovery cost will be between £2.2bn and $2.7bn.

Indians from different parts of the country used social media to help people stranded in the flood-hit southern state of Kerala. Hundreds took to social media platforms to coordinate search, rescue and food distribution efforts and reach out to people who needed help. Social media was also used to support fundraising for those affected by the flooding. Several Bollywood stars supported this.

Some Indians have opened up their homes for people from Kerala who were stranded in other cities because of the floods.

Thousands of troops were deployed to rescue those caught up in the flooding. Army, navy and air force personnel were deployed to help those stranded in remote and hilly areas. Dozens of helicopters dropped tonnes of food, medicine and water over areas cut off by damaged roads and bridges. Helicopters were also involved in airlifting people marooned by the flooding to safety.

More than 300 boats were involved in rescue attempts. The state government said each boat would get 3,000 rupees (£34) for each day of their work and that authorities would pay for any damage to the vessels.

As the monsoon rains began to ease, efforts increased to get relief supplies to isolated areas along with clean up operations where water levels were falling.

Millions of dollars in donations have poured into Kerala from the rest of India and abroad in recent days. Other state governments have promised more than $50m, while ministers and company chiefs have publicly vowed to give a month’s salary.

Even supreme court judges have donated $360 each, while the British-based Sikh group Khalsa Aid International has set up its own relief camp in Kochi, Kerala’s main city, to provide meals for 3,000 people a day.

International Response

In the wake of the disaster, the UAE, Qatar and the Maldives came forward with offers of financial aid amounting to nearly £82m. The United Arab Emirates promised $100m (£77m) of this aid. This is because of the close relationship between Kerala and the UAE. There are a large number of migrants from Kerala working in the UAE. The amount was more than the $97m promised by India’s central government. However, as it has done since 2004, India declined to accept aid donations. The main reason for this is to protect its image as a newly industrialised country; it does not need to rely on other countries for financial help.

Google provided a donation platform to allow donors to make donations securely. Google partners with the Center for Disaster Philanthropy (CDP), an intermediary organisation that specialises in distributing your donations to local nonprofits that work in the affected region to ensure funds reach those who need them the most.

Google provided a donation service to support people affected by flooding in Kerala

Google Kerala Donate

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Disaster Management Case Study on River Flooding at Uttarakhand

By Mohak Rana, NMIMS, School of Law, Mumbai

‘Editor’s Note: Disaster or catastrophe or any such accident is inevitable. Almost all the nations witness such misfortune. Therefore planning and organizing of rapid forces which can work during such mishaps have been developed by all the nations in the form of natural disaster management. India which has different types of vegetation and geography witnesses almost all the kinds of disasters most common among them all being floods. Therefore National disaster Management Authority has been established. It is the apex body which looks after the management and control of such accidents. It has been established under Disaster Management Act, 2005. Its responsibility is like that of a state which is also helped by central government through the ministry of Home Affairs. Any disaster be it manmade or natural, always leads to loss of life and property. For instance the recent floods in the state of Uttarakhand led to loss of 30% of economy. Many international organizations like Red Cross, United Nations, World Bank also work in this field. They collaborate with domestic agencies to work. Therefore it is concluded that a strong and effective management system is a must for prevention and control of such disasters.’

Introduction

“What has so often excited wonder is the great rapidity with which countries recover from a state of devastation; the disappearance, in a short time, of all traces of the mischiefs done by earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and the ravages of war.” John Stuart Mill

What does Disaster mean?

The word “disaster” means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or manmade causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.[1] In other words we can understand disaster as a natural or man-made hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.

Disaster is of two types:-

i) Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience.

Various phenomena like landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year.

ii.) Man Made disasters

Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. The examples of manmade disasters include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.

According to the world bank disaster management report developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits any such developing country. More than 95% of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in developed countries.[2]

What is Disaster Management?

“Disaster management” means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-

i. prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; ii. mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; iii. capacity-building; iv. preparedness to deal with any disaster; v. prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; vi. assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; vii. evacuation, rescue and relief; viii. Rehabilitation and reconstruction.[3]

According to the international federation of Red Cross and red crescent society Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.[4]

Disaster, Disaster Management and India

Natural disasters in India cause massive loss to life and property. Flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, droughts, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat. But floods are the most common natural disaster in India.

The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilization, but the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.

As the apex Body or as an authoritative body for Disaster Management in India, mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, is the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). Prime Minister of India is the chairman of NDMA, and the Vice Chairman is Shashidhar Reddy. Under the Vice chairman are eight members, all superannuated officials, who have the status, pay, and entitlements of ministers of state. Also there is a National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) of 12 battalions, under the NDMA. It is organized on paramilitary lines, and is manned by persons on deputation from the para-military forces of India. As on 6 October, 13, it was headed by Mr. Krishna Chaudhary.

The responsibility for Disaster Management in India’s federal system is that of the State Government with the supporting role of the national government. The ‘nodal Ministry’ in the central government for management of natural disasters, is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). In the MHA this function is discharged by the Disaster Management Division (DMD). When ‘calamities of severe nature’ such as the natural disaster in Uttarakhand occur, the Central Government is responsible for providing aid and assistance to the affected state, as may be needed, including the deploying, at the State’s request, of Armed Forces, Central Paramilitary Forces, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and such communication, air and other assets, as are available and needed. The response of the central government is based on ‘gravity of a natural calamity’ and the ‘scale of the relief operation’.

Microeconomics Aspect

Natural disasters are the one which can disrupt both the local economy as well as the national economy. Calculation of the damages of such an event can be a difficult task because the cost of a natural disaster is ultimately wedded to several factors, and varies by type of disaster. The key factors are the magnitude and duration of the event, the structure of the local economy, the affected geographical area, time and population base. Naturally, disasters that affect densely populated areas have the greatest potential for inflicting the most damage because not only are large numbers of people endangered, but the potential loss to homes, roads, bridges, businesses, highways and utilities is also magnified.

The factors that contribute to the over-estimation of losses vary considerably. In some cases, buildings, infrastructure and crops that appear totally destroyed may in fact be only partially damaged. To some extent, this phenomenon may be driven by the media, who are merely striving to add a monetary flavor to the disaster. Other factors also come into play. According to some economists who have studied natural disasters, there is an incentive for states to overestimate their losses in order to maximize their political leverage.

Till now we have discussed the cost of a natural disaster and the losses that stem from a natural disaster as if they are one and the same; economically they are two separate terms. Losses occur principally through destruction of an economy’s wealth like the physical assets that help generate income. These assets include levees, roads, bridges, utilities, factories, homes, buildings, forests or other natural resources. To correctly measure these losses, one must attempt to calculate either the lost income that these physical assets help generate, or the decline in the assets’ values. But to count both is to double count. By contrast, costs are incurred when an economy undertakes to replace, repair or reinforce those tangible assets (capital) that are destroyed.

Despite these limitations, economists attempt to measure the total loss of a disaster by estimating two separate types of losses i.e. direct and indirect. Direct losses are easier to estimate. For example, in an earthquake or Tsunami, they would consist of the structures that are destroyed or damaged as a result of the actual force; in the case of a flood, they would consist of water damage to levees, crops or buildings.

Indirect, or secondary, losses occur as a result of destruction to buildings, structures or bridges. These include lost output, retail sales, wages and work time, additional time commuting to work, additional costs to business from rerouting goods and services around the affected area, utility disruptions, reduced taxable receipts, lost tourism or increased financial market volatility. Disaster losses manifest themselves in numerous ways and can never be estimated with absolute certainty. Economists believe that the true value of a physical asset is its present discounted value.

Probably the next best alternative will be the structure’s market value, but this measure also presents problems because some physical assets are not traded in the marketplace and hence determining their true market value is next to impossible. Thus, with the lack of reliable information, asset’s replacement cost is used. But endlessly other issues also arise like how do you measure the decline in property values that sometimes occurs in the vicinity of the disaster area? What prices and production should you attach to crops that were washed away before harvest, or livestock that were unable to gain weight during severe weather? And finally, how do you calculate the expected lifetime earnings of individuals who perished?

In this chapter we will see that what happened in Uttarakhand when the river flood came and what role did Union and state played to manage the disaster and economic effect on Uttarakhand because of this flood –

River flooding at Uttarakhand: a timeline of events [6]

i. 13 June 2013: Meteorological Department, Dehradun, forecast “heavy to very heavy rainfall in the upper regions of Uttarakhand in the next 48 to 72 hours”. The Central Government, Uttarakhand Government, and National Disaster Management Authority, ignored the warning.

ii. 14–16 June 2013: Heavy unseasonal monsoon rain in north India, which triggered floods, and landslides, in the north western mountain states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. But state of Uttarakhand was highly affected.

iii. 17 June 2013: Army helicopters conduct aerial reconnaissance of Kedarnath. Army orders an infantry unit to send a foot column to establish contact with the temple town. Next day, early morning, after a night march, an infantry column, under its Commanding Officer reaches Kedarnath. India Army’s Central Command starts deployment of 5000 troops in the flood affected areas, in response named “Operation Ganga Prahar”. Indian Air Force(IAF) helicopters conducts relief and rescue missions. Medium lift helicopters including MI -17 and V5 helicopters, moved to Jolly grant helipad, Dehradun. Late in the evening, Defense Minister A.K. Antony, alerts the Armed Forces for relief and rescue mission.

iv. 18 June 2013: Lt-General Navtej Singh Bawa, the General Officer Commanding Uttar Bharat Area, moves to Dehradun, to lead the Army disaster response and coordinate with the State government, and other agencies. Indian Air Force’s started humanitarian mission, named Operation Rahat. MHA, outlines response to unfolding disaster. On 15 June, the Inspector General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Uttarakhand, ordered to “get in touch with Chief Secretary and provide whatever assistance was required by the State Government” as ITBP posts and troops are already there in affects areas and are working and rescuing the people from day one; Border Road Organization (BRO) asked to “facilitate restoration of road communication across the different routes”; 12 additional teams of the NDRF ordered to be deployed to Uttarakhand, and 34 deaths confirmed in Uttarakhand.

v. 19 June 2013: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who is also Chairman of the NDMA and the Indian Congress Party President Sonia Gandhi, carry out an aerial survey of affected area. The PM calls the situation in Uttarakhand a ‘disaster’ and directs “all Central Agencies to render all possible assistance in their domain to the State.” Army’s names its response to the natural disaster in Uttarakhand as Operation Surya Hope. Army carries out aerial reconnaissance of Kedarnath, Jungle Chatti, and other inaccessible areas where people are stranded. Army plans paratroop operations, and the establishment of heli-bridge to rescue, and evacuate the stranded people. Responders in affected area include 5500 Army man’s 3000 BRO person’s, ITBP – 600, NDRF 13 teams- 422, 18 helicopters (IAF, army and civil) and 1 Hercules C-130.

vi. 20 June 2013: Official communication from the Government of Uttarakhand, for army assistance reaches Home ministry. Disaster toll : Districts affected-09; deaths-71; Injured- 53; missing-23; Lives stock lost -1157; houses ‘fully’ damaged -366; houses partially damaged-272; bridges damaged-21; stranded pilgrims-62,122; persons rescued- 22,392

vii. 21 June 2013: One of the eight members of the NDMA with status of Minister of State, designated as nodal officer, to coordinate rescue, relief, and assistance mission. Uttarakhand Government posts 12 officers to disaster affected areas as nodal officers to coordinate the response. The officers reach their respective post on 22 and 23 June.

viii. 25 June 2013: IAF Mi-17 V5 helicopter on a relief and rescue mission from Gauchar to Guptkashi and Kedarnath on return leg from Kedarnath crashed. 20 persons on board killed [ 5 IAF crew members, and 15 ITBP soldiers, including 9 on deputation with NDRF]. But even after this incident rescue operation is going on by military persons.

ix. 26 June 2013: Central Command launches a web site for reporting progress on Operation Surya Hope in Uttarakhand. The site provides location wise list of stranded and rescued persons, and press releases issued by Central Command. Government imports 25 satellite phones from Hong Kong for the ill-prepared NDMA, and NDRF.

x. 28 June 13: General Bikram Singh, the Chief of the Army Staff, on a visit Gauchar, in Uttarakhand, while speaking to journalist, says Operation Surya Hope was “aid to civil authorities”, to “strengthen the hands of the civil administration”. Army confirms that all people stranded in Kedarnath had been evacuated, and that the road to Badrinath was open.

xi. 30 June 2013: Ministry of Defence update, notes that IAF from 17 -30 Jun 2013, airlifted 18,424 persons, in 2,137 sorties, and delivered 3,36,930 kg of relief supplies.

xii. 2 July 2013: Evacuation of all stranded pilgrim complete. BBC described it as “one of the world’s largest air rescue operations”.

xiii. 10 July 2013: Army Engineers started work on a new 20 km route to restore land communication with Kedarnath, which has remained cut off since the 16 June. An advance team of four officers and 21 soldiers reached Gomkar on 11 July.

xiv. 15 July 2013: Officials confirmed that the disaster toll was 580 dead, and 5,748 missing (924, from Uttarakhand and 4,824 are from other Indian states), and that a total of 108,653 people have been evacuated from affected area by air and foot.

xv. 16 September 2013 : Subhash Kumar, Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand, issued revised figures for missing persons from 5100 to 4,120, including 421 children. The revised figures, compiled by Dehradun-based Missing Persons Cell, are based on a review of the First Information Reports recorded in the state’s 13 districts.

xvi. As on today rehabilitation work is going on which is supposed to be completed in 2015.

Operation Surya Hope[7]

It is the name that Indian Army’s Central Command gave to its response in Uttarakhand following the June 2013 North India floods. Operation Surya Hope was conducted by Indian Army’s Lucknow based Central Command.

Operation Surya Hope is a successor to Operation Ganga Pharar. Operation Surya Hope was commanded by Lieutenant General Anil Chait, General Officer Commanding in Chief Central Command. Over 10,000 troops participated in Operation Surya Hope. It was conducted in tandem with the response by IAF (Operation Rahat), the BRO, NDRF, ITBP and other para military forces under the Ministry of Home.

The floods and landslides in Uttarakhand, the worst natural disaster in the area in a hundred years, has been called a Himalayan Tsunami by the Government of India. According to the Indian Meteorological Department, the total rainfall in Uttarakhand was the highest in the last 80 years. The rainfall was 440% above the normal.

The total number of aircrafts involved in the evacuation, relief, rescue, and search tasks, according to government sources, was 83 (IAF-45, Army-13, hired helicopters- 25). The helicopters carried out their mission in hazardous mountain conditions, often in rain and fog.

For relief and rescue operations, the army divided the affected areas into four axis, or sub sectors. On 19–20 June, the army conducted reconnaissance, and stranded people. By 20 June evening the army reported that it had ‘rescued more than 11000 people, and was sheltering, feeding, and providing medical assistance to about 10,000. As follow up to aerial reconnaissance of inaccessible areas on 19 June, army plans heliborne operations by paratroopers and special forces to rescue stranded people, in Jungle Chatti, Kedarnath, and other areas. On 20 June, the army, started work on the maintenance and improvement, and expansion of helipad at Gagaria on Hemkund Sahib axis to make it ready to accommodate the larger MI-17 helicopter to allow for speedier aerial evacuation.

On 23 June, relief, rescue, search, and evacuation operations were started by indian army. Army works on securing, marking, and improving helipads; repairing and installing bridges; improving and restoring tracks; establishing staging areas, transit areas, reception centers, medical aid posts; escorting and guiding people; providing food, water, shelter, and medical aid to the affected population, and most importantly providing through their presence, example, and leadership, hope, and encouragement to the stranded population.

Medical aid formed an important component of the mission. Doctors from Army Medical Corps, and nurses from the Military Nursing Service were amongst the lead elements to be deployed in the area. By 19 June, it was reported, 12 self-sufficient medical teams were deployed in the area. An emergency medical helpline was opened, and military communication channels were provided to affected people to speak with their families and friends. In addition the IAF deployed Air Force Rapid Action Medical Teams, with the air stations, and detachments.

On 26 June 13, A team of two psychiatrists from Army Medical Corps, opened a post disaster and trauma counseling center in the Joshimath sector, to provide counseling to the civil population stranded at Badrinath and Kedarnath. On 26 June 13, veterinary teams from the Army Veterinary Corps consisting of a veterinary doctor and two paramedics were inducted by helicopter to establish Animal Aid Posts along the Hemkund axis to take care of ponies and mules stranded in the area.

Economical hit

After the river flood; economy of Uttarakhand whose major part comes from tourism was badly affected. As people are threatened to come in Uttarakhand, around 30 % of the economy suffered. Many people became jobless and moreover almost all the tourist places were destroyed. There was a huge loss of infrastructure and man power. Around 1000 crore is the money which is decided to be given as a compensation part which is not sufficient at all as loss is much more than that for example a person who lost his 1 family member and around 20 lacs of property is getting only 10 lacs which is not in any kind of comparison and for that also; he had to wait.

So at the end one can clearly say that economical condition of affected people as well as of state is in very bad condition. To overcome the situation state of Uttarakhand had demanded a special package from union government.

From the happening of river floods in Uttarakhand the clear picture of seriousness of state and union towards Disaster management was displayed. All the work done including rescue operations and relief camps were done by localites and military forces and official agencies for this work responded after 3 days with a lot of confusion in there mind. Our great politician at both level are just trying to blame each other and were in busy in making the plan that how can they take the political advantage of this situation. However there are some serious and good politicians and bureaucrats who helped and were trying to cope up with the situation.

At both the levels state as well as union there was a very late response to this situation as seen earlier but because of the activeness of army and co operation of civilians somehow situation was managed.

Comparative Study

In this chapter we will see the various organization working for the purpose of disaster management and disaster management in other countries

Organisation working at international level for the purpose of disaster management

I. red cross/red crescent[8].

National Red Cross/Red Crescent societies often have pivotal roles in responding to emergencies. Additionally, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies may deploy assessment teams. After having assessed the needs Emergency Response Units (ERUs) may be deployed to the affected country or region. They are specialized in the response component of the emergency management framework.

ii. United Nations

Within the United Nations system responsibility for emergency response rests with the Resident Coordinator within the affected country. However, in practice international response will be coordinated, if requested by the affected country’s government, by deploying a UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination team.

iii. World Bank[9]

Since 1980, the World Bank has approved more than 500 operations related to disaster management, amounting to more than US$40 billion. These include post-disaster reconstruction projects, as well as projects with components aimed at preventing and mitigating disaster impacts, in countries such as Argentina, Bangladesh, Colombia, Haiti, India, Mexico, Turkey and Vietnam to name only a few.

Common areas of focus for prevention and mitigation projects include forest fire prevention measures, such as early warning measures and education campaigns to discourage farmers from slash and burn agriculture that ignites forest fires; early-warning systems for hurricanes; flood prevention mechanisms, ranging from shore protection and terracing in rural areas to adaptation of production; and earthquake-prone construction.

In a joint venture with Columbia University under the umbrella of the ProVention Consortium the World Bank has established a Global Risk Analysis of Natural Disaster Hotspots.

· Various National organizations working in their respective countries

I. australia.

Natural disasters are part of life in Australia. There Drought occurs on average every 3 out of 10 years and associated heat waves had killed more Australians than any other type of natural disaster in the 20th century.

Australia’s emergency management processes embrace the concept of the prepared community. The principal government agency in achieving this is Emergency Management Australia.

ii. Canada

Public Safety Canada is Canada’s national emergency management agency. Each province is required to have legislature in place for dealing with emergencies, as well as establish their own emergency management agencies, typically called an “Emergency Measures Organization” (EMO), which functions as the primalization with the municipal and federal level. They also work with other levels of government, first responders, community groups, the private sector (operators of critical infrastructure) and other nations.

iii. Germany[10]

In Germany the Federal Government controls the German disaster relief ( Katastrophenschutz ) and civil protection( Zivilschutz ) programs. The local units of German fire department and the Technisches Hilfswerk ( Federal Agency for Technical Relief ,) are part of these programs & The German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), the German Federal Police and the 16 state police forces (Länderpolizei) all have been deployed for disaster relief operations.

iv. New Zealand[11]

In New Zealand, responsibility for emergency management moves from local to national depending on the nature of the emergency or risk reduction program. Within each region, local governments are unified into 16 Civil Defence Emergency Management Groups (CDEMGs). As local arrangements are overwhelmed by an emergency, pre-existing mutual-support arrangements are activated. As warranted, central government has the authority to coordinate the response through the National Crisis Management Centre (NCMC), operated by the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management (MCDEM). These structures are defined by regulation and best explained in The Guide to the National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan 2006, roughly equivalent to the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency’s National Response Framework.

v. Pakistan

Disaster management in Pakistan revolves around flood disasters with a primary focus on rescue and relief. Within disaster management bodies in Pakistan, there is a dearth of knowledge and information about hazard identification, risk assessment and management, and linkages between livelihoods and disaster preparedness. There are no long-term, inclusive and coherent institutional arrangements to address disaster issues with a long-term vision. Disasters are viewed in isolation from the processes of mainstream development and poverty alleviation planning. Absence of a central authority for integrated disaster management and lack of coordination within and between disaster related organizations is responsible for effective and efficient disaster management in the country. State-level disaster preparedness and mitigation measures are heavily tilted towards structural aspects and undermine non-structural elements such as the knowledge and capacities of local people, and the related livelihood protection issues.[12]

vi. United States

Disaster management in the United States has utilized the functional All-Hazards approach for over 20 years, in this approach emergency managers develop processes (such as communication & warning or sheltering) rather than developing single-hazard/threat focused plans (e.g., a tornado plan). Processes then are mapped to the hazards, with the emergency manager looking for gaps, overlaps, and conflicts between processes.

In the United States, all disastrous events are initially considered as local, with local authorities usually a law enforcement agency having charge. However, if the event becomes overwhelming to local government, state emergency management becomes the controlling emergency management agency. Under the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is lead federal agency for emergency management and supports, but does not override, state authority.

Some of the significant natural disasters in India over the last two decades are as follows:

1993 Latur earthquake. Killed 20,000, injured 30,000 and destroyed about 52 villages.
1999 Odisha cyclone. Killed almost 10,000, left over 2 million homeless and disrupted 20 million lives.
2001 Kutch earthquake. Killed 20,000, injured 1,67,000 and left over 6 lakh people homeless. Bhuj was devastated.
2004 the Indian Ocean Tsunami affected over 2,200 kms of coastline, killed over 15,000 people rendered lakhs of people homeless.
2005 floods in Gujarat killed 123 because thankfully over 2,50,000 were evacuated in time by helicopters of the Indian Air Force. The state suffered losses of over Rs 8,000 crores.
2005 Mumbai floods killed 5,000 people, more than 24,000 animal carcasses disposed.
2012, Uttarakhand was the victim of very similar flash floods. 38 people were reported dead.
2013 Uttarakhand. Not done counting. Toll reports are ranging from 900 to 10,000.

And in all these disasters there has been loss of crores and crores of Indian money. These incidents and disasters are sufficient to tell that what union and states are doing when it come to disaster management. Our union and states are complete failure in ensuring the safety or prevention from disaster.

Because of the failure in properly implementing the disaster management act, we are facing a heavy loss of capital and human life over the years.

If we see the recent floods in uttarakhand then also we are able to see that because of lack of proper management and preventive methods we lost around 10,000 lives and a huge chunk of money invested as in capital form or in infrastructure, which tells that we are complete failure on the economic front of natural disaster also.

There is a huge lack of co ordination and the disaster management act, 2005 is only a paper law in India. There is a lack of seriousness towards the disaster management which results in the heavy economic losses.

We cannot stop natural disasters but yes we can prevent them and we can take appropriate measures for lowering the losses and saving the lives of hundreds.

RELATION WITH LAW

Disaster management act, 2005.

The Disaster Management Act, 2005 ( No. 53 of 2005) was came into effect on 12 December 2005. It received the assent of The President of India on 9 January 2006. It has 11 chapters and 79 sections. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act provides for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”

i. The Act calls for the establishment of NDMA, with the Prime Minister of India as chairperson. The NDMA have nine members including a Vice-Chairperson. The NDMA is responsible for “laying down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management” and to ensure “timely and effective response to disaster”. It is responsible for laying “down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plans”.

ii. The Act enjoins the Central Government to Constitute a National Executive Committee to assist the National Authority. This committee consists of Secretaries to the Government of India in the Ministries of home, drinking water supply, environment and forests, finance (expenditure), health, power, agriculture, atomic energy, defence, rural development, science and technology, space, telecommunication, urban development, and water resources, with the Home secretary serving as the Chairperson, ex officio. The Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, is an ex officio member of the NEC. The NEC under section of the Act is responsible for the preparation of the National Disaster Management Plan for the whole country and to ensure that it is “reviewed and updated annually”.

iii. This act mandate all the State Governments to establish a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on the framework of NDMA.

iv. This act also call for the establishment of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) whose chair person will be the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the district.

v. The Act provides for constituting a NDRF “for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster” under a Director General to be appointed by the Central Government.

vi. The Act provides for civil and criminal liabilities for those who violate the provision of the Act.

When it comes to the implementation of the National Disaster Act, 2005 it has been slow, and slack. On 22 July 2013 Indian Supreme Court Justices A K Patnaik and M Y Eqbal in response to a Public Interest Litigation which is filed on after the failure of this so called management machinery issued notices to the Governments of Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan Maharashtra and the Central government.

The petitioner alleged that the non-implementation of the Disaster Management Act by the Government of Uttarakhand endangered the lives of citizens . He sought “reasonable ex-gratia assistance on account of loss of life, damage to houses and for restoration of means of livelihood to victims of flash floods in Uttarakhand under the Disaster Management Act”.

Formatted on 15th March 2019.

[1]The Disaster management act 2005

[2]World bank disaster management

[3]See supra note 1

[4]http://www.ifrc.org/what/disasters/management/index.asp accessed on 01-Oct-13 7:51:57 PM

[5]Brookshire and McKee (FEMA, July 1992), p. 282.

[6]India Today 3 rd issue of june, 2013 and local newspapers

[7] See supra note 6

[8]http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/responding/disaster-response-system/dr-tools-and-systems/eru/ accessed on 06-Oct-13 5:33:17 AM

[9]World bank disaster risk management projects Web.worldbank.org (2004-04-28). Retrieved on 2013-10-06.

[10]http://www.kavoma.de/ accessed on 06-Oct-13 5:35:09 AM

[11]Legislation.govt.nz (2008-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-10-06.

[12]Natural hazards and disaster management in Pakistan”. MRPA . Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Retrieved 2013-10-06.

[13]The disaster management act,2005

[14] Natural hazards and disaster management in Pakistan”. MRPA . Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Retrieved 2013-10-06.

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Disaster Management Project for Class 9

Table of Contents

Disaster Management Project for Class 9 : Disaster Management refers to a comprehensive framework encompassing planning, coordination, and execution of strategies aimed at mitigating risks during disasters and effectively addressing their aftermath. It involves proactive measures to minimize the impact of both natural and man-made calamities through preparedness, response, and recovery efforts. Central to disaster management is the assurance of timely rescue and relief operations to safeguard lives and alleviate suffering.

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What is Disaster Management Class 9?

Disaster Management, especially important for Class 9 projects, is all about getting ready for and dealing with big problems that happen suddenly. These problems can be because of nature, like floods or earthquakes, or because of people, like accidents or fights. In Disaster Management, we learn how to plan ahead for these problems, organize what to do when they happen, and help everyone who’s affected. It’s like having a plan for when things go wrong, so we can keep ourselves and our communities safe. So, in a Disaster Management Project for Class 9, students will learn how to prepare for disasters, what to do during them, and how to help afterwards.

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies says a disaster happens when something risky affects people who are already vulnerable. So, disaster management is about helping those who need it the most during tough times.

Survival Skills Disaster Management CBSE Class 10 Extra Questions

Disaster Management Project PDF Class 9

A “Disaster Management Project for Class 9 PDF” likely entails educational material or a practical project aimed at teaching ninth-grade students about disaster management. Topics may cover understanding different types of disasters, creating emergency plans, and learning about mitigation strategies. The PDF may include information on how to respond to disasters, stay safe during emergencies, and help others in need. It could also provide guidelines for conducting research, creating presentations, or participating in simulations related to disaster management.

Implementing a Natural Disaster Management Project

To engage students in hands-on learning, schools can incorporate a project-based approach to natural disaster management. Here’s a structured framework for such a project:

Selecting a Natural Disaster: Choose a specific type of natural disaster as the focus of the project (e.g., earthquake, flood, wildfire). Encourage students to research its characteristics, historical occurrences, and potential impacts on their region.
Risk Assessment: Guide students in conducting a risk assessment for the chosen natural disaster. Using maps, data, and case studies, help them identify vulnerable areas, populations, and infrastructure at risk.
Preparedness Planning: Assist students in developing a comprehensive disaster preparedness plan tailored to the selected natural disaster. This plan should include preventive measures, evacuation procedures, emergency communication channels, and resource allocation strategies.
Community Outreach: Encourage students to raise awareness about natural disaster preparedness within their school and community. This could involve organizing workshops, creating informational materials, or inviting guest speakers from relevant organizations.
Simulation Exercise: Conduct a mock disaster drill to allow students to simulate emergency response scenarios based on their preparedness plans. This practical exercise will help them understand the challenges and dynamics of real-life situations.
Reflection and Improvement: Facilitate a debriefing session after the simulation exercise, where students can reflect on their experiences and identify areas for improvement in their preparedness plans. Encourage them to brainstorm innovative solutions and strategies for future readiness.

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Types of Disaster Management Project for Class 9

Hazard Mitigation Projects: These projects aim to reduce disaster impact by lowering risk or lessening damage. Examples: levees prevent flooding, erosion control controls damage.
Emergency Response Plans: These plans outline how communities or organizations will respond to disasters, including evacuation procedures, provision of essential supplies, and medical care.
Recovery Plans: These plans detail the steps for post-disaster recovery, including rebuilding infrastructure, providing financial aid, and assisting affected individuals in returning to normalcy.

Natural Disasters Management Project for Class 9

Natural disasters pose significant threats to life and property. Disaster Management Projects for Class 9 aim to mitigate their impact effectively. Examples include earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and volcanic eruptions.

Earthquakes: Rapid and intense ground shaking caused by the movement of the earth’s crust, often resulting in widespread destruction and secondary disasters such as tsunamis.
Cyclones: Intense spinning storms originating over oceans in tropical regions, bringing forth destructive winds and heavy rainfall.
Floods: Occur when an excess of water inundates land, disrupting daily activities and causing damage. Floods can result from various factors, including heavy rainfall, storm surges, or seismic events.
Volcanic Disasters: Triggered by volcanic activities, including lava flows, mudflows, and pyroclastic flows, which can cause extensive damage and pose significant risks to human life.

Man-made Disasters Management Project for Class 9

Man-made disasters present unique challenges in disaster management. Disaster Management Projects for Class 9 address issues such as road accidents, building collapses, and terrorist attacks.

Road Accidents: Often caused by careless driving, inexperienced drivers, and inadequate road maintenance, leading to significant injury and loss of life.
Building Collapses: Result from substandard construction practices and lax enforcement of safety regulations, particularly prevalent in regions with rapid urbanization.
Terrorist Attacks: Deliberate acts of violence targeting civilians, infrastructure, or institutions, posing grave threats to public safety and security.

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Tips for Developing Disaster Management Project for Class 9

Risk Identification: Conduct a thorough hazard analysis to identify potential risks and hazards within your community or organization.
Risk Mitigation: Develop plans to reduce identified risks, which may include evacuation protocols, infrastructure improvements, or community preparedness initiatives.
Emergency Preparedness: Educate individuals on emergency response procedures, including evacuation drills, first aid training, and disaster preparedness kits.
Relief Coordination: Establish a robust system for coordinating relief efforts, including the setup of command centers and effective communication channels.

Disaster Management Projects for Class 9 are vital for protecting communities and organizations from disasters’ harmful impacts. By understanding the nuances of disaster management and implementing proactive measures, students can contribute to building resilient and disaster-ready societies. Together, we can navigate through the challenges posed by disasters and emerge stronger than before.

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Also Refer:

Paragraph on Disaster Management
Speech on Disaster Management
Essay on Disaster Management

FAQs on Disaster Management Project Class 9

What is disaster management class 9 for projects.

Disaster management for Class 9 projects typically involves studying various aspects of disaster preparedness, response, and mitigation. Students may explore different types of disasters, their causes, effects, and methods to minimize their impact on communities.

How to make a project file class 9?

To make a project file for Class 9, students can follow these steps: Choose a topic related to the curriculum, such as disaster management. Research the chosen topic thoroughly, gathering information from textbooks, reliable websites, and other sources. Organize the collected information into sections, including an introduction, objectives, methodology, findings, conclusion, and bibliography. Use clear and concise language, along with appropriate diagrams, charts, and illustrations to enhance understanding. Proofread the project file for any errors in grammar, spelling, or formatting before submission.

Which topic is best for disaster management?

The best topic for disaster management depends on various factors, including the interests of the student, the availability of resources, and the relevance to the local context. Some popular topics include natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, or human-made disasters such as industrial accidents or pandemics.

परियोजनाओं के लिए आपदा प्रबंधन कक्षा 9 क्या है?

कक्षा 9 के परियोजनाओं के लिए आपदा प्रबंधन का मुख्य उद्देश्य विभिन्न प्रकार की आपदाओं का अध्ययन करना, उनके कारणों, प्रभावों, और समुदायों पर उनका प्रभाव कम करने के तरीकों का अध्ययन करना होता है।

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Indian J Community Med
v.37(3); Jul-Sep 2012

Disaster Management in Flash Floods in Leh (Ladakh): A Case Study

Preeti gupta.

Regimental Medical Officer, Leh, Ladakh, India

Anurag Khanna

1 Commanding Officer, Army Hospital, Leh, India

2 Registrar, Army Hospital, Leh, India

Background:

On August 6, 2010, in the dark of the midnight, there were flash floods due to cloud burst in Leh in Ladakh region of North India. It rained 14 inches in 2 hours, causing loss of human life and destruction. The civil hospital of Leh was badly damaged and rendered dysfunctional. Search and rescue operations were launched by the Indian Army immediately after the disaster. The injured and the dead were shifted to Army Hospital, Leh, and mass casualty management was started by the army doctors while relief work was mounted by the army and civil administration.

The present study was done to document disaster management strategies and approaches and to assesses the impact of flash floods on human lives, health hazards, and future implications of a natural disaster.

Materials and Methods:

The approach used was both quantitative as well as qualitative. It included data collection from the primary sources of the district collectorate, interviews with the district civil administration, health officials, and army officials who organized rescue operations, restoration of communication and transport, mass casualty management, and informal discussions with local residents.

234 persons died and over 800 were reported missing. Almost half of the people who died were local residents (49.6%) and foreigners (10.2%). Age-wise analysis of the deaths shows that the majority of deaths were reported in the age group of 25–50 years, accounting for 44.4% of deaths, followed by the 11–25-year age group with 22.2% deaths. The gender analysis showed that 61.5% were males and 38.5% were females. A further analysis showed that more females died in the age groups <10 years and ≥50 years.

Conclusions:

Disaster preparedness is critical, particularly in natural disasters. The Army's immediate search, rescue, and relief operations and mass casualty management effectively and efficiently mitigated the impact of flash floods, and restored normal life.

Introduction

In the midnight of August 6, 2010, Leh in Ladakh region of North India received a heavy downpour. The cloud burst occurred all of a sudden that caught everyone unawares. Within a short span of about 2 h, it recorded a rainfall of 14 inches. There were flash floods, and the Indus River and its tributaries and waterways were overflowing. As many as 234 people were killed, 800 were injured, and many went missing, perhaps washed away with the gorging rivers and waterways. There was vast destruction all around. Over 1000 houses collapsed. Men, women, and children were buried under the debris. The local communication networks and transport services were severely affected. The main telephone exchange and mobile network system (BSNL), which was the lifeline in the far-flung parts of the region, was completely destroyed. Leh airport was flooded and the runway was covered with debris, making it non-functional. Road transport was badly disrupted as roads were washed away and blocked with debris at many places. The civil medical and health facilities were also severely affected, as the lone district civil hospital was flooded and filled with debris.

Materials and Methods

The present case study is based on the authors’ own experience of managing a natural disaster caused by the flash floods. The paper presents a firsthand description of a disaster and its prompt management. The data was collected from the records of the district civil administration, the civil hospital, and the Army Hospital, Leh. The approach used was both quantitative as well as qualitative. It included data collection from the primary sources of the district collectorate, interviews with the district civil administration and army officials who organized rescue operations, restoration of communication, and transport, mass casualty management, and informal discussions with local residents.

Disaster management strategies

Three core disaster management strategies were adopted to manage the crisis. These strategies included: i) Response, rescue, and relief operations, ii) Mass casualty management, and iii) Rehabilitation.

Response, rescue, and relief operations

The initial response was carried out immediately by the Government of India. The rescue and relief work was led by the Indian Army, along with the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP). The Indian Army activated the disaster management system immediately, which is always kept in full preparedness as per the standard army protocols and procedures.

There were just two hospitals in the area: the government civil hospital (SNM Hospital) and Army Hospital. During the flash floods, the government civil hospital was flooded and rendered dysfunctional. Although the National Disaster Management Act( 1 ) was in place, with the government civil hospital being under strain, the applicability of the act was hampered. The Army Hospital quickly responded through rescue and relief operations and mass casualty management. By dawn, massive search operations were started with the help of civil authorities and local people. The patients admitted in the civil hospital were evacuated to the Army Hospital, Leh in army helicopters.

The runway of Leh airport was cleared up within a few hours after the disaster so that speedy inflow of supplies could be carried out along with the evacuation of the casualties requiring tertiary level healthcare to the Army Command Hospital in Chandigarh. The work to make the roads operational was started soon after the disaster. The army engineers had started rebuilding the collapsed bridges by the second day. Though the main mobile network was dysfunctional, the other mobile network (Airtel) still worked with limited connectivity in the far-flung areas of the mountains. The army communication system was the main and the only channel of communication for managing and coordinating the rescue and relief operations.

Mass casualty management

All casualties were taken to the Army Hospital, Leh. Severely injured people were evacuated from distant locations by helicopters, directly landing on the helipad of the Army Hospital. In order to reinforce the medical staff, nurses were flown in from the Super Specialty Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, to handle the flow of casualties by the third day following the disaster. National Disaster Cell kept medical teams ready in Chandigarh in case they were required. The mortuary of the government civil hospital was still functional where all the dead bodies were taken, while the injured were handled by Army Hospital, Leh.

Army Hospital, Leh converted its auditorium into a crisis expansion ward. The injured started coming in around 0200 hrs on August 6, 2010. They were given first aid and were provided with dry clothes. A majority of the patients had multiple injuries. Those who sustained fractures were evacuated to Army Command Hospital, Chandigarh, by the Army's helicopters, after first aid. Healthcare staff from the government civil hospital joined the Army Hospital, Leh to assist them. In the meanwhile, medical equipment and drugs were transferred from the flooded and damaged government civil hospital to one of the nearby buildings where they could receive the casualties. By the third day following the disaster, the operation theatre of the government civil hospital was made functional. Table 1 gives the details of the patients admitted at the Army Hospital.

Admissions in the Army Hospital, Leh

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The analysis of the data showed that majority of the people who lost their lives were mainly local residents (49.6%). Among the dead, there were 10.3% foreign nationals as well [ Table 2 ]. The age-wise analysis of the deaths showed that the majority of deaths were reported in the age group 26–50 years, accounting for 44.4% of deaths, followed by 11–25 year group with 22.2% deaths.

Number of deaths according to status of residence

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The gender analysis showed that 61.5% were males among the dead, and 38.5% were females. A further analysis showed that more females died in <10 years and ≥50 years age group, being 62.5% and 57.1%, respectively [ Table 3 ].

Age and sex distribution of deaths

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Victims who survived the disaster were admitted to the Army Hospital, Leh. Over 90% of them suffered traumatic injuries, with nearly half of them being major traumatic injuries. About 3% suffered from cold injuries and 6.7% as medical emergencies [ Table 4 ].

Distribution according to nature of casualty among the hospitalized victims

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Rehabilitation

Shelter and relief.

Due to flash floods, several houses were destroyed. The families were transferred to tents provided by the Indian Army and government and non-government agencies. The need for permanent shelter for these people emerged as a major task. The Prime Minister of India announced Rs. 100,000 as an ex-gratia to the next of kin of each of those killed, and relief to the injured. Another Rs. 100,000 each would be paid to the next of kin of the deceased from the Chief Minister's Relief Fund of the State Government.

Supply of essential items

The Army maintains an inventory of essential medicines and supplies in readiness as a part of routing emergency preparedness. The essential non-food items were airlifted to the affected areas. These included blankets, tents, gum boots, and clothes. Gloves and masks were provided for the persons who were working to clear the debris from the roads and near the affected buildings.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene

Public Health is seriously threatened in disasters, especially due to lack of water supply and sanitation. People having lost their homes and living in temporary shelters (tents) puts a great strain on water and sanitation facilities. The pumping station was washed away, thus disrupting water supply in the Leh Township. A large number of toilets became non-functional as they were filled with silt, as houses were built at the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains. Temporary arrangements of deep trench latrines were made while the army engineers made field flush latrines for use by the troops.

Water was stagnant and there was the risk of contamination by mud or dead bodies buried in the debris, thus making the quality of drinking water questionable. Therefore, water purification units were installed and established. The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) airlifted a water storage system (Emergency Rescue Unit), which could provide 11,000 L of pure water. Further, super-chlorination was done at all the water points in the army establishments. To deal with fly menace in the entire area, anti-fly measures were taken up actively and intensely.

Food and nutrition

There was an impending high risk of food shortage and crisis of hunger and malnutrition. The majority of food supply came from the plains and low-lying areas in North India through the major transport routes Leh–Srinagar and Leh–Manali national highways. These routes are non-functional for most part of the winter. The local agricultural and vegetable cultivation has always been scanty due to extreme cold weather. The food supplies took a further setback due to the unpredicted heavy downpour. Food storage facilities were also flooded and washed away. Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and the Indian Army immediately established food supply and distribution system in the affected areas from their food stores and airlifting food supplies from other parts of the country.

There was a high risk of water-borne diseases following the disaster. Many human bodies were washed away and suspected to have contaminated water bodies. There was an increased fly menace. There was an urgent need to prevent disease transmission due to contaminated drinking water sources and flies. There was also a need to rehabilitate people who suffered from crush injuries sustained during the disaster. The public health facilities, especially, the primary health centers and sub-health centers, were not adequately equipped and were poorly connected by roads to the main city of Leh. Due to difficult accessibility, it took many hours to move casualties from the far-flung areas, worsening the crisis and rescue and relief operations. The population would have a higher risk of mental health problems like post-traumatic stress disorder, deprivation, and depression. Therefore, relief and rehabilitation would include increased awareness of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and its alleviation through education on developing coping mechanisms.

Economic impact

Although it would be too early to estimate the impact on economy, the economy of the region would be severely affected due to the disaster. The scanty local vegetable and grain cultivation was destroyed by the heavy rains. Many houses were destroyed where people had invested all their savings. Tourism was the main source of income for the local people in the region. The summer season is the peak tourist season in Ladakh and that is when the natural disaster took place. A large number of people came from within India and other countries for trekking in the region. Because of the disaster, tourism was adversely affected. The disaster would have a long-term economic impact as it would take a long time to rebuild the infrastructure and also to build the confidence of the tourists.

The floods put an immense pressure and an economic burden on the local people and would also influence their health-seeking behavior and health expenditure.

Political context

The disaster became a security threat. The area has a high strategic importance, being at the line of control with China and Pakistan. The Indian Army is present in the region to defend the country's borders. The civil administration is with the Leh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) under the state government of Jammu and Kashmir.

Conclusions

It is impossible to anticipate natural disasters such as flash floods. However, disaster preparedness plans and protocols in the civil administration and public health systems could be very helpful in rescue and relief and in reducing casualties and adverse impact on the human life and socio economic conditions.( 2 ) However, the health systems in India lack such disaster preparedness plans and training.( 3 ) In the present case, presence of the Indian Army that has standard disaster management plans and protocols for planning, training, and regular drills of the army personnel, logistics and supply, transport, and communication made it possible to immediately mount search, rescue, and relief operations and mass casualty management. Not only the disaster management plans were in readiness, but continuous and regular training and drills of the army personnel in rescue and relief operations, and logistics and communication, could effectively facilitate the disaster management operations.

Effective communication was crucial for effective coordination of rescue and relief operations. The Army's communication system served as an alternative communication channel as the public communication and mobile network was destroyed, and that enabled effective coordination of the disaster operations.

Emergency medical services and healthcare within few hours of the disaster was critical to minimize deaths and disabilities. Preparedness of the Army personnel, especially the medical corps, readiness of inventory of essential medicines and medical supplies, logistics and supply chain, and evacuation of patients as a part of disaster management protocols effectively launched the search, rescue, and relief operations and mass casualty reduction. Continuous and regular training and drills of army personnel, health professionals, and the community in emergency rescue and relief operations are important measures. Emergency drill is a usual practice in the army, which maintains the competence levels of the army personnel. Similar training and drill in civil administration and public health systems in emergency protocols for rescue, relief, mass casualty management, and communication would prove very useful in effective disaster management to save lives and restore health of the people.( 2 – 4 )

Lessons learnt and recommendations

Natural disasters not only cause a large-scale displacement of population and loss of life, but also result in loss of property and agricultural crops leading to severe economic burden.( 3 – 6 ) In various studies,( 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 ) several shortcomings have been observed in disaster response, such as, delayed response, absence of early warning systems, lack of resources for mass evacuation, inadequate coordination among government departments, lack of standard operating procedures for rescue and relief, and lack of storage of essential medicines and supplies.

The disaster management operations by the Indian Army in the natural disaster offered several lessons to learn. The key lessons were:

Response time is a critical attribute in effective disaster management. There was no delay in disaster response by the Indian Army. The rescue and relief operations could be started within 1 h of disaster. This was made possible as the Army had disaster and emergency preparedness plans and protocols in place; stocks of relief supplies and medicines as per standard lists were available; and periodic training and drill of the army personnel and medical corps was undertaken as a routine. The disaster response could be immediately activated.
There is an important lesson to be learned by the civil administration and the public health system to have disaster preparedness plans in readiness with material and designated rescue officers and workers.
Prompt activation of disaster management plan with proper command and coordination structure is critical. The Indian Army could effectively manage the disaster as it had standard disaster preparedness plans and training, and activated the system without any time lag. These included standard protocols for search, rescue, and evacuation and relief and rehabilitation. There are standard protocols for mass casualty management, inventory of essential medicines and medical supplies, and training of the army personnel.
Hospitals have always been an important link in the chain of disaster response and are assuming greater importance as advanced pre-hospital care capabilities lead to improved survival-to-hospital rate.( 9 ) Role of hospitals in disaster preparedness, especially in mass casualty management, is important. Army Hospital, Leh emergency preparedness played a major role in casualty management and saving human lives while the civil district hospital had become dysfunctional due to damage caused by floods. The hospital was fully equipped with essential medicines and supplies, rescue and evacuation equipments, and command and communication systems.
Standard protocols and disaster preparedness plans need to be prepared for the civil administration and the health systems with focus on Quick Response Teams inclusive of healthcare professionals, rescue personnel, fire-fighting squads, police detachments, ambulances, emergency care drugs, and equipments.( 10 ) These teams should be trained in a manner so that they can be activated and deployed within an hour following the disaster. “TRIAGE” has to be the basic working principle for such teams.
Effective communication system is of paramount importance in coordination of rescue and relief operations. In the present case study, although the main network with the widest connectivity was extensively damaged and severely disrupted, the army's communication system along with the other private mobile network tided over the crisis. It took over 10 days for reactivation of the main mobile network through satellite communication system. Thus, it is crucial to establish the alternative communication system to handle such emergencies efficiently and effectively.( 2 , 11 )
Disaster management is a multidisciplinary activity involving a number of departments/agencies spanning across all sectors of development.( 2 ) The National Disaster Management Authority of India, set up under National Disaster Management Act 2005,( 1 ) has developed disaster preparedness and emergency protocols. It would be imperative for the civil administration at the state and district levels in India to develop their disaster management plans using these protocols and guidelines.
Health system's readiness plays important role in prompt and effective mass casualty management.( 2 ) Being a mountainous region, the Ladakh district has difficult access to healthcare, with only nine Primary Health Centers and 31 Health Sub-Centers.( 12 ) There is a need for strengthening health systems with focus on health services and health facility network and capacity building. More than that, primary healthcare needs to be augmented to provide emergency healthcare so that more and more lives can be saved.( 7 )
Training is an integral part of capacity building, as trained personnel respond much better to different disasters and appreciate the need for preventive measures. Training of healthcare professionals in disaster management holds the key in successful activation and implementation of any disaster management plan. The Army has always had standard drills in all its establishments at regular intervals, which are periodically revised and updated. The civil administration and public health systems should regularly organize and conduct training of civil authorities and health professionals in order to be ready for action.( 1 – 4 )
Building confidence of the public to avoid panic situation is critical. Community involvement and awareness generation, particularly that of the vulnerable segments of population and women, needs to be emphasized as necessary for sustainable disaster risk reduction. Increased public awareness is necessary to ensure an organized and calm approach to disaster management. Periodic mock drills and exercise in disaster management protocols in the general population can be very useful.( 1 , 3 , 4 )

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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Disaster Management: A Case Study of Uttarakhand

September 2013
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At: Bangalore
Volume: ISBN: 9789382715986

Christ University, Bangalore

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Social Sciences
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Short case studies about disaster management class 9th S. sci project

Answer: Case Study 1: Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest and costliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. It made landfall in August 2005 and caused widespread devastation in the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. The disaster management response to Hurricane Katrina highlighted several important lessons.

Preparedness: The disaster management authorities were criticized for their lack of preparedness. The failure to evacuate vulnerable populations, inadequate communication systems, and insufficient emergency supplies contributed to the high number of casualties and property damage.

Coordination: There were coordination issues among various agencies involved in the response, including the federal, state, and local authorities. This lack of coordination resulted in delays in rescue operations, distribution of relief supplies, and medical assistance.

Infrastructure and Emergency Response: The disaster revealed weaknesses in the infrastructure and emergency response systems. Levee failures in New Orleans led to severe flooding, highlighting the need for better infrastructure planning and maintenance. The response to the flooding was slow and inadequate, leaving many stranded without proper assistance for several days.

Communication: Communication systems were severely impacted by the hurricane, making it difficult to coordinate rescue and relief efforts effectively. The lack of reliable communication channels hampered the response and delayed critical information dissemination.

Lessons learned: The case of Hurricane Katrina emphasized the importance of robust disaster preparedness, including effective evacuation plans, communication systems, and coordination among different response agencies. It also highlighted the need for infrastructure improvements and the necessity of swift and efficient emergency response in the face of large-scale disasters.

Case Study 2: Tsunami in Japan (2011)

The Great East Japan Earthquake, which struck off the northeastern coast of Japan in March 2011, triggered a massive tsunami that caused significant damage and loss of life. The disaster management response to the tsunami in Japan showcased some important lessons.

Early Warning Systems: Japan's well-developed early warning systems played a crucial role in mitigating the impact of the tsunami. The Japan Meteorological Agency issued timely warnings, providing people with vital information and allowing them to evacuate to higher ground. This saved many lives.

Evacuation Plans: Japan's disaster management authorities had well-established evacuation plans in place. These plans were regularly practiced and ensured that people knew how to respond when an emergency occurred. This level of preparedness helped minimize casualties and injuries.

Vertical Evacuation Structures: Japan has implemented vertical evacuation structures, such as multi-story tsunami evacuation towers, in coastal areas prone to tsunamis. These structures provide a safe refuge for people during a tsunami, reducing the risk of drowning and injuries.

Community Resilience: The Japanese society's resilience and preparedness played a crucial role in the disaster management response. Communities had established local disaster management organizations and were actively involved in disaster preparedness, education, and response efforts.

Lessons learned: The case of the tsunami in Japan highlighted the importance of early warning systems, well-practiced evacuation plans, and community resilience. It emphasized the need for investing in robust infrastructure and implementing innovative solutions to protect vulnerable coastal areas from tsunamis. Additionally, community involvement and public education were crucial in ensuring an effective disaster management response.

These case studies provide valuable insights into disaster management and the importance of preparedness, coordination, infrastructure, communication, and community involvement in responding to natural disasters.

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Disaster Management Project PDF Class 9 for CBSE Social Science
Start your class 9 project on disaster management by providing a brief introduction and overview of disaster management. Define disaster followed by the definition of disaster management. Use the following reference to understand the meaning of disaster management, and write the intro part of the project. Image source: Google. ‍.
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The purpose of giving this Disaster Management project to class 9 students is to make them prepared for any disaster. ... .pg 9 & 10. Page No.4 & 5: a short description of COVID-19 and a brief history of how it spread. Take the help of Newspapers or the Internet. ... (Case study-based questions) TERM II CLASS IX - GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET ON ...
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Effects. In some areas, floodwater was between 3-4.5m deep. Floods in the southern Indian state of Kerala have killed more than 410 people since June 2018 in what local officials said was the worst flooding in 100 years. Many of those who died had been crushed under debris caused by landslides.
Disaster Management Case Study on River Flooding at Uttarakhand
Disaster Management Case Study on River Flooding at Uttarakhand. August 31, 2014 · Read time: 21 min. By Mohak Rana, NMIMS, School of Law, Mumbai. 'Editor's Note: Disaster or catastrophe or any such accident is inevitable. Almost all the nations witness such misfortune. Therefore planning and organizing of rapid forces which can work ...
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Ans. Disaster Management refers to the process of preparing, responding, and recovering from natural or man-made disasters. It involves a coordinated and integrated approach of various agencies, organizations, and communities to minimize the impact of disasters on human life, property, and the environment. 2.
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A disaster is a destructive event that occurs suddenly and involves loss of life and property. Disasters can be of two types, natural and man-made. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, tsunamis, floods, cyclones, landslides, avalanches and droughts are natural disasters and man has no control over them. The man-made disasters are triggered by human ...
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Types of Disaster Management Project for Class 9. Hazard Mitigation Projects: These projects aim to reduce disaster impact by lowering risk or lessening damage. Examples: levees prevent flooding, erosion control controls damage. Emergency Response Plans: These plans outline how communities or organizations will respond to disasters, including ...
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The civil hospital of Jeh was badly damaged and rendered dysfunct search and rescue operations were launched the Indian army immediately after the disaster The injured and dead were shifted to army hospital, uh , and mass casualty management was started the army doctors while relief work was mounted the Army and civil adminis tration. 234 ...
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In the ten year period from 2007 to 2016, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) lists 614 major disaster declarations across the 50 states.1 That is, from 1960 to 1979, the average annual number of disaster declarations equals 32 and from 1980 to 1999, this average grows to 51. In the first two decades of the 21st century, the ...
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Thoroughly researched and analyzed Project On Natural Disaster Class 9. Examined the historical background and evolution of the subject matter. Explored the contributions of notable figures in the field. Investigated the key theories and principles associated with the topic. Discussed practical applications and real-world implications.
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Results: 234 persons died and over 800 were reported missing. Almost half of the people who died were local residents (49.6%) and foreigners (10.2%). Age-wise analysis of the deaths shows that the majority of deaths were reported in the age group of 25-50 years, accounting for 44.4% of deaths, followed by the 11-25-year age group with 22.2% ...
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nidm, Disaster, Disasters, Research Papers, Official Website of National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of INDIA, New Delhi, DM-Act 2005, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), ... Floods Challenges and its Management : Case Study of Gujarat Floods - 2017: 2021: NIDM: Chennai Flood 2015: ...
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A Case Study of Uttarakhand. At the peak of the monsoon season the northern state of Uttarakhand was face to face. with floods caused due to the cloud burst that hit three of the four famous Char ...
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Short case studies about disaster management class 9th S. sci project ... Mississippi, and Alabama. The disaster management response to Hurricane Katrina highlighted several important lessons. ... community involvement and public education were crucial in ensuring an effective disaster management response. These case studies provide valuable ...
PDF 9
studies capture the complexity of disaster risk and disaster situations; (ii) case studies appeal to a broad audience; and (iii) case studies should be fully utilized to provide lessons identified for DRR and DRM for adaptation to climate change (Grynszpan et al., 2011). Several projects have identified lessons from case studies (Kulling et al ...
PDF Disaster Management: A Case Study of Uttarakhand
(p.10).Thus, unforeseen disasters calls for having an effective disaster management plan in place and for the State Disaster Management Authority to prepare actionable programmes to deal with disasters. One such action plan is as suggested below, will help in restoring the destinations success. Steps in Disaster Management

Disaster Management Project Class 9 | Free PDF Download

Disaster Management Project Class 9

Project Structure

3.1 Natural Disasters

3.2 Man-Made Disasters

5.1 Natural Disaster: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

5.2 Man-Made Disaster: Bhopal Gas Tragedy

6.1 Phases of Disaster Management

6.2 Disaster Management Cycle

Other Measures to Prevent Disasters

Examples: Cover Images

Examples: Acknowledgement / Index page

Videos: Topper Project Files

Project Idea- Video 1

Project Idea- Video 2

Project Idea- Video 3

Project Idea- Video 4

Sample Project 1

Sample Project 2

Disaster Management Project for Class 9 – Complete Guide

Written By Avinash Sharan

Things to be kept in mind while doing the project

SEQUENCE OF PAGES: DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT

Page No. 2:

Page No.4 & 5:

Page No. 6 & 7

Page No. 8:

Very Important for TERM II (Case study-based questions)

Page No 10 & 11

Page No. 12

Page No 13 INCLUDE DO’S AND DONT’S IN YOUR DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT

Page No. 14:

Page No. 15:

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Disaster Management Case Study on River Flooding at Uttarakhand

Introduction

What does Disaster mean?

i) Natural disaster

ii.) Man Made disasters

What is Disaster Management?

Short case studies about disaster management class 9th S. sci project