apa citation style for websites without authors

APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Web Page with No Author

• General Style Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with 1 Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3–20 Authors
• Journal Article 21 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from a University site
• Web Page with No Author
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Twitter/Instagram
• Lecture/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Citation Support
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Your Paper

Document from a Web site with no Author

• When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time.  If you reference an article from a news source (e.g., CNN, NBC, Washington Post) or a site that may experience continuous updates, you would then need to include a retrieval date.
• New in 7th edition: You must include the site name in your citation, unless the site name is the same as the corporate author. For example, a citation of a CDC report would not include the site name.

Subject Guide

• << Previous: Web page from a University site
• Next: Blog post >>

• Last Updated: Jul 26, 2024 1:06 PM
• URL: https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/APA

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APA 7 Citation & Style

• Why Cite Sources?
• How Citations Work in APA
• Database Sources (Journal Articles)
• Textbook or Book Source
• Website with an Author
• Website with No Author Listed
• In-Text Citations
• Writing Style
• Page Numbering
• Checklist (putting it all together)
• Need Help with APA?
• How to Cite ChatGPT and Generative AI in APA

APA Reference Entry for a Website with No Author Listed

In the video below, Keri from the Writing Center explains how to create an APA-style Reference entry for a website without an author listed.

• APA Reference: Website with NO Author Slides

Reference entries for a website without an author listed will include:

• Organizational Author.
• Title of page.
• Container or Site Name (if different than the organizational author, if it's the same--skip info here!)

Example website source (with elements color-coded):

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Skin Diseases. (2019). Scoliosis in children and teens. National Institute of Health. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/scoliosis/

Example website source (final, as it would appear on a Reference page):

Example in-text citation for this source (color-coded):.

( National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Skin Diseases,   2019 )

• Visit the page on in-text citations if you want more information about how those work!
• << Previous: Website with an Author
• Next: In-Text Citations >>
• Last Updated: Sep 3, 2024 9:33 AM
• URL: https://westerntc.libguides.com/APA7

• UWF Libraries

APA Format & Citation Style, 7th edition

• Web Page with No Author
• General Style Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three or More Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3 or More Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from a University site
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Lecture/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Formatting Your Paper
• APA Handouts & Guides This link opens in a new window

Document from a Web site with no Author

• When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time.  If you reference an article from a news source (e.g., CNN, NBC, Washington Post) or a site that may experience continuous updates, you would then need to include a retrieval date.
• New in 7th edition: You must include the site name in your citation, unless the site name is the same as the corporate author. For example, a citation of a CDC report would not include the site name.
• << Previous: Web page from a University site
• Next: Blog post >>
• Last Updated: May 17, 2024 11:13 AM
• URL: https://libguides.uwf.edu/apa7

APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Web Page with No Author

• General Style Guidelines
• APA 6th /7th Comparison
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Two Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article of Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3 - 7 Authors
• Journal Article 7 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web Page from a University Site
• Web Page with No Author
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Twitter/Instagram
• Thesis or Dissertation
• Lectures/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Citation Support
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Your Paper
• In-Text Citations, Paraphrasing and Quoting

Helpful Tips!

Helpful Tip!

Usually the date is available at the bottom of the Web page.  It may state  last updated ,  last modified   or  last reviewed .

If there is no date available then use (n.d.) for no date.

Document from a Web site with no Author

• When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time.  If you reference an article from a news source (e.g., CNN, NBC, Washington Post) or a site that may experience continuous updates, you would then need to include a retrieval date.
• New in 7th edition: You must include the site name in your citation, unless the site name is the same as the corporate author. For example, a citation of a CDC report would not include the site name.

General Format

      In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):        (Title of specific document, Year)

NOTE: If the title of a document is long, use a shortened version for the in-text citations.

      In-Text Citation (Quotation):       (Title of specific document, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])

      References:       Title of specific document. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.).             Title of website. URL of specific document

      In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):        (Neurology, n.d.)

       In-Text Citation (Quotation):       (Neurology, n.d.)

      References:       Neurology. (n.d.). Wikipedia . Retrieved August 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org             /wiki/Neurology

Subject Guide

• Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library. (2021).  APA Citation Style.  https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/c.php?g=27741&p=8099437
• Wayne G. Basler Library. (2021).  APA Citation Guide, 7th edition.   https://library.northeaststate.edu/c.php?g=876268&amp;p=6292368
• << Previous: Web Page from a University Site
• Next: Blog Post >>
• Last Updated: Jul 2, 2024 3:53 PM
• URL: https://uum-my.libguides.com/c.php?g=933116

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How to Cite a Web Site in APA With No Author, Date, or Page Number

Last Updated: May 15, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs and by wikiHow staff writer, Danielle Blinka, MA, MPA . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. There are 11 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 287,629 times.

Citing a website that doesn't list an author, date, or page number can be tricky. However, it's easier to do than you might think! You can cite a website using the title name, organization that published the page, or "anonymous," depending on the information available. For the date, you can include "n.d." for "no date." This allows you to create in-text citations and an entry on your References page.

Creating In-Text Citations

• "According to “Robotics for Beginners" (2018), titanium parts will create a sturdier robot."
• "Titanium parts are the best option for building a sturdy robot (“Robotics,” 2018)."

• "According to the American Cancer Society (2018), people undergoing chemotherapy benefit from having complimentary head wraps or wigs available."
• "People who are undergoing chemotherapy treatments have a better experience if complimentary head wraps and wigs are provided to them (American Cancer Society, 2018)."

• For an anonymous author, your citation will look like this: "(Anonymous, 2018)"

• A citation using a title for an author looks like this: "(“Robotics,” n.d.)"
• If you're using an organization name, your citation looks like this: "(National Robotics Society, n.d.)"
• For an anonymous author, your citation would look like this: "(Anonymous, n.d.)"

• For example, let's say you're citing the 4th paragraph of an article called, “Building a Healthy Relationship,” which has no author, page number, or date.
• "According to “Building a Healthy Relationship" (n.d., para. 4), communication is essential for a healthy partnership."
• "Partners must communicate if they want to have a healthy relationship (“Building,” n.d., para. 4)."

• You may have found valuable information on a web page titled “Reducing Congestion in Large Cities,” which has section headings titled “Improving Transit Networks,” “Increasing Highway Capacity,” “Collecting Tolls,” “HOV Lanes,” and “Metered Ramps.” However, there's no date or page number.
• Your citation might look like this: "(“Reducing,” n.d., “HOV”)"

Preparing Your References Page

• Let's say the name of the article you want to cite is “Ecuador: History and Culture.” The beginning of your entry would look like this: "Ecuador: History and culture."
• If the article includes an organization name or an anonymous author, you'll use that instead of the title.

• Your entry would now look like this: "Ecuador: History and culture. (n.d.)."

• This is what your entry should look like now: "Ecuador: History and culture. (n.d.). Select Latin America ."

• Here's how your final entry might look: "Ecuador: History and culture. (n.d.). Select Latin America . Retrieved from http://www.sla.com/ecuador.html/"

• If the website name is the same as the organization name, don't write it again after the page title. You can skip that part of the references entry and go straight to "Retrieved from."
• For example, let's say you're citing an article called “Relaxing with Deep Breathing,” which was published by the American Psychological Foundation. No date is provided.
• Here's what your entry would look like: "American Psychological Foundation. (n.d.). Relaxing with deep breathing. Retrieved from http://www.apf.com/Relaxing_and_deep_breathing/"

• You might be citing a web page titled “Being Mindful During a Dog Walk,” written by an anonymous author. It's posted on a website called Bark Bark Friends, but there isn't a date.
• Here how your entry would look: "Anonymous. (n.d.) Being Mindful During a Dog Walk. Bark Bark Friends . Retrieved from http://www.barkbarkfriends.com/mindful_dog_walks/"

Expert Q&A

• You don't have to include a retrieval or access date in your reference entry anymore. In prior editions of the APA style guide, you needed to include the date you accessed the website. [13] X Research source Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• If you're in doubt about how to cite your source, talk to your instructor or your school's writing center. They can help you decide the best way to write your citation. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

• Citing your sources can be frustrating, but don't give up! If you don't cite your source, you'll be plagiarizing the site where you got the information. This can cost you credit for the assignment and can result in other academic consequences. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
• ↑ https://aus.libguides.com/apa/apa-no-author-date
• ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information
• ↑ https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
• ↑ https://bowvalleycollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=714519&p=5093747
• ↑ https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/apa/booksandebooks
• ↑ https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa/dates
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html
• ↑ https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/format-your-reference-list
• ↑ https://libguides.ggc.edu/apastyle_7th/Authors/MissingorAnonymous

About This Article

Citing information from a website without an author, date, or page number isn’t as complicated as you might think. Try using the title in place of an author for an in-text citation. For example, for a page entitled “Robotics for Beginners,” you could write (“Robotics,” 2018). Alternatively, list the name of the organization that owns the website in your in-text citation, like “According to the American Cancer Society (2018).” If you don’t have a date, add “n.d.” instead. Replace page numbers by mentioning the paragraph your citation comes from. For instance, if it came from the fourth paragraph, add “para 4” to the end of an in-text citation. If you put all of this together, an in-text reference could look like, “According to Robotics for Beginners (n.d., para 4). For tips on how to write a citation for your reference page that doesn’t have an author, date, or page number, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Citing a Website Without Authors

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• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
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Using articles published on websites as sources in academic papers is an increasingly common practice, and for good reason. They are easy to access and can contain a breadth of valuable information. It can be challenging, however, to properly cite websites when there is no clear author for the article, or if there are numerous authors listed. So how can you go about creating accurate references for these types of sources? Read on for informative tips that will help you create citations like these for your next paper.

Below are formulas and examples for how to cite a web page in MLA formatting , APA style , and Harvard referencing, which are some of the most popular styles on Cite This For Me. (The Harvard example in this article adheres to the rules in Harvard – Cite Them Right style specifically). The examples for “many authors” assume that there are six or more authors listed in the source.

How to cite a web page in MLA style with no author

“Title of the Article or Individual Page.” Title of the website , Name of the publisher, Date of publication, URL.

“Facts About Giant Pandas.” Smithsonian National Zoological Park , Smithsonian Institute, 2004, www.nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/giantpandas/pandafacts.

How to cite a web page in MLA style with many authors

First Author Last Name, First Name, et al. “Title of the Article or Individual Page.” Title of the website , Name of the publisher, Date of publication, URL.

Smith, Martha, et al. “The Early Works of Emily Dickinson.” Dickinson Electronic Archives, University of Maryland, 1994, www.emilydickinson.org/index.html .

How to cite a web page in APA style with no author

Title of web page. (Year, Month Date of publication). Retrieved from URL

India: Country specific information. (2013, October 3). Retrieved from http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1139.html

How to cite a web page in APA style with many authors

Author 1 Last Name, First Middle Initial, Author 2 Last Name, First Middle Initial, Author 3 Last Name, First Middle Initial, Author 4 Last Name, First Middle Initial, Author 5 Last Name, First Middle Initial, Author 6 Last Name, First Middle Initial . . . Final Author Last Name, First Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date of publication). Retrieved from URL.

Satalkar, B., Choi, M.J., Angeli, L.L., Harland, A.A., Stamos, J.A., Thomas, S.T., . . . Rubin, J.H. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com  

How to cite a web page in Harvard style with no author

Web page title (Year published) Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Palladio’s Italian villas (2005) Available at: http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/ (Accessed: 23 December 2018).

*Need more help? Check out our Harvard referencing tool .

How to cite a web page in Harvard style with many authors

Author Last Name, First Middle Initial et al. (Year published) Web page title. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Burton, P.A et al. (2012) The world’s oldest castles. Available at: http://www.castlesofspain.co.uk/ (Accessed: 14 December 2018).

Need help learning how to write an annotated bibliography ? Trying to make an in-text citation for a website ? Cite This For Me has citing guides and tools to help you with this and more!

If the webpage’s author is not available, use the title of the webpage in the in-text citation. For a webpage title, enclose the title in double quotation marks and use title case, not sentence case, in the in-text citation.

In case the title is too long, use a shortened version.

Webpage Example In-Text Citation With No Author:

“Nephrology in 2020 and Beyond” 2020 states… (paraphrase)

The article “Nephrology in 2020 and Beyond” (2020) states that…

Parenthetical:

The article explains the theory that future nephrology will focus on proactive kidney disease diagnoses (“Nephrology in 2020 and Beyond,” 2020).

For a shortened version, use only the noun in the noun phrase of the title:

(“Nephrology,” 2020).

If the webpage’s author is not available, use the title of the webpage first in the reference entry.

Webpage Example Reference Entry With No Author:

Nephrology. (2022, January 25). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrology

When a webpage does NOT have an author, use the title of the article or webpage to reference it within the text. Unlike other formats, do not include the year in which the webpage was created. If the title is long, use a shortened form, creating a noun phrase and excluding beginning articles. The phrase must include the first words shown in its citation on the Works Cited page.

Format: Parenthetical Citation

(“Title of the article”)

( Title of the Webpage )

Example: Parenthetical Citation

(“All Things Elon”)

( Writing Characters )

Format: Narrative Citation

According to “Title of the Article,” it is known that . . .

According to Title of the Webpage , it is . . .

Example: Narrative Citation

According to “A Crow’s Voice,” the crow is one of the most intelligent of all birds out there.

According to Investing in NFTs , these digital assets are one of the fastest growing sectors.

As per the MLA 9 handbook, if you don’t find an author’s name, don’t state it as “Anonymous.”  Instead, omit the author’s name and fill in the next element of the works-cited entry: the name of the webpage.

“Title of the Article or Individual Page.” Website Name , Publisher, Day Month Year Published, URL.

“Stanley Crane Dies at Smithsonian’s National Zoo.” Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute , Smithsonian Institute, 9 Feb. 2022,

https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/stanley-crane-dies-smithsonians-national-zoo

For footnotes for a webpage with no authors, include as much of the following information as possible: the title or description of the page, the title of the website, the owner or sponsor of the site, and the URL. If available, include the publication date or modification date; if not available, include the access date.

“Title of the Webpage,” Title of the Website, Owner of the Site, Published/Updated/Accessed Month Day, Year, URL.

15. “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic,” World Health Organization, WHO, last modified October 14, 2021, accessed February 19, 2022, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

For a bibliography entry for a webpage with no author, include as much of the following information as possible: the title or description of the page, the title of the website, the owner or sponsor of the site, and the URL. If available, include the publication date or modification date; if not available, include the access date in your citation. When formatting the citation for your bibliography, include the site owner at the beginning of your citation in the author field.

Website Owner Name. “Webpage Name.” Website Name. Published/Updated/Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “New Era of Smarter Food Safety.” FDA. Last modified January 27, 2022. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-era-smarter-food-safety.

• Free Tools for Students
• APA Citation Generator

Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

• Save a considerable amount of time
• Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
• Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

• Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Citation Guides: APA

• Citing Sources
• Chicago This link opens in a new window
• OWL Citation Maker This link opens in a new window
• Annotated Bibliography This link opens in a new window

APA on the Web

The following links are to guides and resources available at the American Psychological Association website.

• American Psychological Association Includes basic guides as well as in-depth APA style explanations. Presents guidelines by topic.
• APA Style and Grammar Guidelines Lists all the topic guideline pages on APA style and format.
• APA Paper Format Contains links to APA guideline pages for information on paper format.
• Sample Papers See examples of student and professional papers.
• In-text Citations In-text citation tutorial at the APA site.
• Elements of Reference List Entries How to correctly format the citation elements.
• Order and Format of the Reference List One of the topics covered in the APA Academic Writer tutorials.
• Reference List Entries One of the several topics covered in the APA Academic Writer tutorials.
• Book References Contains reference examples for books.
• Edited Book Chapter References How to format various types of edited book chapters.
• Journal Article References Contains reference examples for journal articles.
• Magazine Article References How to cite magazine articles.
• Newspaper Article References How to cite newspaper articles.
• Database Information in References How to cite articles found in databases.
• Webpage on a Website References How to cite various types of websites.
• Youtube Video References How to cite Youtube videos.
• Blog Posts and Blog Comment References How to cite blog posts and blog comments.

The Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) also provides information and guidelines for APA 7.

• APA Guidelines from Purdue University Presents general guidelines for constructing an APA paper.

APA Printable Guides

Here are APA 7th edition citation guides you can print.

• APA 7 What's New
• Heading Levels Template: Student Paper
• Student Title Page Guide
• Numbers and Statistics Guide
• APA 7 Reference Quick Guide
• APA 7 Documentation
• APA 7 Annotated Bibliography

Why Cite Sources?

Whenever you quote or base your ideas on another person's work, you must document the source you used. Even when you do not quote directly from another work, if reading that source contributed to the ideas presented in your paper, you must give the authors proper credit.

Citations allow readers to:

• locate and further explore the sources you consulted
• show the depth and scope of your research
• give credit to authors for their ideas

Citations provide:

• evidence for your arguments
• add credibility to your work by demonstrating that you have sought out and considered a variety of resources

In written academic work, citing sources is standard practice and shows that you are responding to this person, agreeing with that person, and adding something of your own. Think of documenting your sources as providing a trail for your reader to follow to see the research you performed and discover what led you to your original contribution.

The OWL Citation Maker (at the Purdue University site), and Citation Machine are free bibliography and citation generators that use APA 7th edition tools. EasyBib and KnightCite continue to use APA 6th edition tools. Please be aware that citations created within the research databases do not always adhere to APA 7th edition guidelines.

Check this link for information on "Accidental Plagiarism."

Documenting Your Research Using APA Style

• When creating your citation list, begin each entry flush with the left margin.
• If an entry requires more than one line, indent the subsequent lines by ½ inch (one tab space on the computer) or five spaces (on a typewriter) from the left margin.
• Double-space the entire list. This is done within each entry as well as between each entry.
• Ensure that a period appears after each reference element—after the author, date, title, and source. Do not put a period after a DOI or URL because it may interfere with link functionality. And if a title ends with a question mark, the question mark replaces the period.
• Use sentence case for titles and subtitles, but proper nouns, place names and historic periods are capitalized within a title.
• APA In-text citations basic

Below are examples of some commonly used citations.  For detailed information on documenting your research using the American Psychological Association (APA) style, please use the 7th edition of The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . Links to various tutorials are provided in this guide.

APA Citation Examples

BOOKS  

A Book with One Author

Basic format :

Author, A. A. (Publication year). Title of the book . Publisher.

Christensen, W. M. (2018). Mothers of the military: support and politics during wartime . Rowman & Littlefield.

A Book with Two Authors

Author, A. & Author, B. (Publication year). Title of the book . Publisher.

Kallick, B. & Zmuda, A. (2017). Students at the center: personalized learning with habits of mind . ASCD.

A Book with Three to Twenty Authors

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C. & Author, D. D. (Publication year). Title of the book . Publisher.

Marcus, A. S., Stoddard, J. D., &  Marcus, A. S. (2017). Teaching history with museums: Strategies for K-12 social studies .

          Routledge.

A Book with More than Twenty Authors

NOTE: When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author’s name.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F.,   Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author,

          I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L.      L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author,

          Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, Z. Z.

A Book with One Editor

Author, A. A. (Ed.). (Publication year). Title of the book . Publisher.

Robertiello, G. (Ed.). (2017). The use and abuse of police power in America: Historical milestones and current controversies .

          ABC-CLIO.

A Book with More than One Editor

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Eds.). (Publication year). Title of the book . Publisher.

Okilwa, N. S., Khalifa, M, & Briscoe, F. (Eds.). (2017). The school to prison pipeline: The role of culture and discipline in

          school . Emerald Publishing Limited.  

Chapter in an Edited Book

Author, A. A. (if available). (Publication year). Title of the chapter. In Name(s) of Editor(s), Title of the larger work (Vol.,

          page range). Publisher. doi (if available)

Pyle, C. M. (2010).  Bridging the gap: A different view of Renaissance humanism and science. In R. Bod, J. Maat, & T.

          Weststeijn (Eds.), The making of the humanities (Vol. 1, pp.39-58). Amsterdam University Press.

Several Volumes of a Multivolume Work

Author or Editor, A. A. (Publication year). Title of the multivolume work (add edition if 2nd or higher, number of volumes).

          Publisher.

Holbrook, J. B. (Ed.). (2015). Ethics, science, technology, and engineering: A global resource (2nd ed., Vols. 1-4).

          Macmillan Reference USA.  

PERIODICALS

A Database Journal Article with DOI

Author, A. A. (Publication year). Title of the article. Journal title, volume (issue), page range. doi

Adams, J.M., Green, W.A. & Zhanga, Y. (2008). Leaf margins and temperature in the North American flora: Recalibrating

          the paleoclimatic thermometer. Global and Planetary Change, 60 (3-4), 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1016

          /j.gloplacha.2007.07.001

A Database Journal Article without DOI

Author, A. A. (Publication year). Title of the article. Journal title, volume (issue), page range.

Larson, J., & Lizardo, O. (2019). Institutional movement logics and the changing shape of the US social movement field,

          1960–1995. Social Forces, 97 (4), 1389-1421.   

A Magazine Article without DOI

Author, A. A. (Publication date). Title of the article. Magazine title, volume (issue), page range.

Tarafdar, T. (2019, January). You can do it! M&B shares tips to make returning to work after maternity leave as painless as

          possible. Mother & Baby, 11 (9), 84-87.

Magazine Article on the Web

Author, A. A. (Publication date). Title of the article. Publication title . URL

Denby, D. F. (2007, October 22). Idols: Have stars lost their magic? The New Yorker . https://www.newyorker.com

          /magazine/2007/10/22/fallen-idols

A Newspaper Article in Print

Author, A. A. (Publication date). Title of the article. Newspaper title . Section and page.

Hackman, M. (2018, March 2). U.S. news: Teachers brace for ruling. The Wall Street Journal . A6.

A Newspaper Article on the Web Basic format :

Author, A. A. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper title . URL

Cramer, M. (2020, February 11). Yet another Vermont police chief quits over fake social media accounts. The New York

          Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/11/us/burlington-police-jan-wright-twitter.html?searchResultPosition=4

OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES    Webpage on a Website with a Governmental Agency Group Author

Governmental agency title. (Most recent date). Title of the page . Names of the parent agencies. URL

National Institute of Mental Health. (2019, July). Suicide prevention . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

          National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml

Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author

Author, A. A. (Last edited date). Title of resource . Name of the website. URL

Goldiner, S. (2012 January). Medicine in the Middle Ages . The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

            https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/medm/hd_medm.htm Blog

Author, A. A. (Publication date). Blog entry title. Blog title . URL

Poling, J. (2020, April 6).  Race, class, and “hybrid” masculinities. Everyday Sociology.                               

          https://www.everydaysociologyblog.com/2020/04/race-class-and-hybrid-masculinities.html

YouTube Videos

Name of account uploader. (Date video was uploaded). Title of the video [Item description]. Site name. URL

PBS News Hour. (2019, July 22). The Harlem Renaissance's cultural explosion, in photographs [Video]. YouTube.

          https://www.pbs.org/video/harlem-in-pictures-1563834855/

APA - Purdue Online Writing Lab (VIDEOS)

The American Psychological Association and Purdue OWL are working on developing additional APA 7 resources, including videos. The video below discusses APA 6th edition only.

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APA Style Guidelines

• About this Guide
• Blogs, Podcasts, and Social Media
• Content Marketing
• Popular Magazines
• Professional Organizations
• Trade Publications
• Scholarly Journals
• Attributive Tags or Signal Phrases
• Citation Generators - Problems & Limitations
• Date Retrieved for Website Reference Entries & When to Use “n.d.” (no date)
• Differentiating between Sources with the Same Author and Date
• Hyperlinks & Attribution: "Citation" for Digital Documents
• Identifying & Citing Content Marketing
• Indirect Citations, or How to Cite a Quote or Paraphrase from a Source
• In-text Citations: Conveying Credibility
• In-text Citations: Using a Source Multiple Times
• In-text Citations: Principles & Formatting
• References Page: Principles & Formatting
• Synthesizing Multiple Sources
• URLs - When to Include to Entire Address
• Company Report
• General Website, Non-government Website

Government Publication or Website

• Industry Report from IBISWorld
• Informational Interview
• Job Advertisement
• Lecture or Conference Presentation
• O*Net Online
• Popular Business Magazine
• Professional/Trade Organization Website
• Reference Works (Dictionary, Investopedia, Wiki, etc.)
• Review Sites
• Scholarly Journal Article
• Social Media Posts
• Trade Journal or Magazine Article

Cite government publications as a book, report, or website as appropriate. If there is no named author on the cover or title page, use the agency or department as the author. If the document is a report or publication, include the report number or other identifier after the title. If citing a website, include the entire URL.

General Rules: Citing Online Government Sources

In-text Citation: Information to Include

In-text citations and signal phrases can be woven into sentences and paragraphs in multiple ways, and what you emphasize depends on what information will be most relevant and/or persuasive to your reader. However, the following information should always be included:

• Attributive tag or signal phrase that introduces your source
• Author or government entity
• Page number, if applicable

Reference Citation: Information to Include

Government Entity. (Year, Month Day). Publication title in sentence case and italics . Parent Agency If Applicable. URL_but_not_active_hyperlink

Specific Example: Government Website

In-text Citation Options

Land conservationists can support wildlife refuges, particularly those for migratory birds, by purchasing a Federal Duck Stamp, which, according to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2021) also are “miniature works of art.”

Land conservationists can support wildlife refuges, particularly those for migratory birds, by purchasing a Federal Duck Stamp, which are also “miniature works of art” (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2021).

References Page Entry

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2021, June 28). Duck stamp: Put your stamp on conservation . U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.fws.gov/birds/get-involved/duck-stamp.php

Note : This government web page has a “last updated” date, so you can use that.  For government websites with no date, use n.d. in place of the date and add a retrieval date.  See our page for General Website to see how this should look.

The Internal Revenue Service (2023) reported that the Inflation Reduction Act included clean energy tax credits for low-income communities.

The Inflation Reduction Act included clean energy tax credits for low-income communities (Internal Revenue Service, 2023).

Internal Revenue Service. (2023, September). Increased energy investment credit for solar and wind facilities benefitting low-income communities . U.S. Department of the Treasury. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/increased-energy-investment-credit-for-solar-and-wind-facilities-benefitting-low-income-communities

Specific Example: PDF of a Government Report

In the 2016 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2018) reported that Americans spent $75.9 billion dollars – 48 percent of all wildlife recreation expenditures – on wildlife watching (p. 39).

Wildlife watchers spent $12.1 billion dollars in 2016 purchasing equipment (e.g., cameras and bird feed) in pursuit of their hobby (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2018, p. 39).

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2018, April). 2016 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation (Publication FHW/16-NAT). U.S. Department of the Interior. https://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/subpages/nationalsurvey/nat_survey2016.pdf

Specific Example: O*Net Entry

O*Net’s report on auditing mentioned that to stand out in this industry, auditors must have excellent communication skills (National Center for O*NET Development, 2019). 

To stand out, auditors must have excellent communication skills (National Center for O*NET Development, 2019).

 References Page Entry  

National Center for O*NET Development. (2019). Auditors (O*Net Report No. 13-2011.02). https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2011.02

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Generate accurate APA citations for free

• Knowledge Base
• APA Style 6th edition
• How to cite a website in APA Style (6th edition)

Citing a Website in APA Style (6th Edition) | Format & Examples

Published on November 5, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 25, 2024.

APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date.

If you are citing an online version of a print publication (e.g. a newspaper , magazine, or dictionary ), use the same format as you would for print, with a URL added at the end.

Cite a website in APA Style now

Table of contents, citing an entire website, how to cite online articles, websites with no author, websites with no date, how to cite from social media.

When you refer to a website in your text without quoting or paraphrasing from a specific part of it, you don’t need a formal citation. Instead, you can just include the URL in parentheses after the name of the site:

One of the most popular social media sites, Instagram (http://instagram.com), allows users to share images and videos.

For this kind of citation, you don’t need to include the website on the reference page . However, if you’re citing a specific page or article from a website, you will need a formal in-text citation and reference list entry.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Various kinds of articles appear online, and how you cite them depends on where the article appears.

Articles from online versions of newspapers and magazines

Articles appearing in online versions of print publications (e.g. newspapers and magazines) are cited like their print versions, but with an added URL. Give the homepage URL instead of the specific article, as the latter is more likely to change over time.

MacGillis, A. (2019, November 11). The case against Boeing. The New Yorker . Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/

Articles from blogs

Citations of blogs include the words “Blog post” and the article URL. The name of the blog is not included:

Other online articles

For articles from other websites, including news sites without print equivalents (e.g. BBC News, Reuters), the name of the site is not mentioned, and the URL links directly to the article:

When a web page does not list any author, replace the author name with the title of the page or article.

In the APA 6 in-text citation , put the title in quotation marks, and shorten it to the first few words if necessary.

Note that if the source is attributed to a specific organization or company, you should use this as the author name instead.

When a web page or article does not list a publication or revision date, replace the date with “n.d.” (“no date”) in all citations.

If an online source is likely to change over time, it is recommended to include the date on which you accessed it.

7th edition updates

Since the 6th edition of the APA manual does not provide guidelines for citing from social media, the information in this section follows the 7th edition .

As social media posts are usually untitled, use the first 20 words of the post, in italics, as a title. Also include any relevant information about the type of post and any multimedia aspects (e.g. videos, images, sound) in square brackets:

On some social media sites, users go by usernames instead of or in addition to their real names. Where the author’s real name is known, include it, along with their username in square brackets:

In some cases, you’ll want to cite a whole social media profile instead of a specific post. In these cases, include an access date, because a profile will obviously change over time:

Dorsey, J. [@jack]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://twitter.com/jack

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, January 25). Citing a Website in APA Style (6th Edition) | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/6th-edition/archived-cite-a-website/

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In-Text Citations: Author/Authors

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Though the APA's author-date system for citations is fairly straightforward, author categories can vary significantly from the standard "one author, one source" configuration. There are also additional rules for citing authors of indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.

A Work by One Author 

The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.". 

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories

A work by two authors.

Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses.

A Work by Three or More Authors

List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

In  et al. , et  should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period.

If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more names. If you cited works with these authors:

They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity:

Since et al. is plural, it should always be a substitute for more than one name. In the case that et al. would stand in for just one author, write the author’s name instead.

Unknown Author

If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists).

Note : In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

Organization as an Author

If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you would an individual person.

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity).

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the author’s name only once and follow with dates. No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations.

Authors with the Same Last Name

To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

Personal Communication

For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

If using a footnote to reference personal communication, handle citations the same way.

Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples

When citing information you learned from a conversation with an Indigenous person who was not your research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation above. Include the person’s full name, nation or Indigenous group, location, and any other relevant details before the “personal communication, date” part of the citation.

Citing Indirect Sources

Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources (original sources) and cite those rather than secondary sources (works that report on original sources). Sometimes, however, this is impossible. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation.

Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.

Unknown Author and Unknown Date

If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these.

Note:  Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above. 

Other Sources

The  APA Publication Manual  describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear.

In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of APA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. For example, a sensible way to cite a virtual reality program would be to mimic the APA's guidelines for computer software.

You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source.

Missing Reference Information

Sometimes the information needed to create a reference list entry is missing or unknown. When this is the case, there are various strategies to adapt the reference.

This table shows the basic structure of an APA Style reference to a published work, adapted for missing information, along with the corresponding in-text citations. Refer to the reference examples and Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual for specific details for the type of work being cited.

Missing reference information is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 9.4 and the Concise Guide Section 9.4

Related handouts

• Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
• Creating an APA Style Reference List (PDF, 179KB)
• Scaffolded Reference Elements Worksheet (PDF, 150KB)

Anonymous authors

For a missing author, do not use “Anonymous” as the author unless the work is actually signed “Anonymous.” If the work is signed “Anonymous,” use “Anonymous” in the reference and in-text citation.

Anonymous. (2017). Stories from my time as a spy . Bond Publishers.

• Parenthetical citation: (Anonymous, 2017)
• Narrative citation: Anonymous (2017)

If the work is not actually signed “Anonymous,” the title moves to the beginning of the reference and is used in place of the author name, as shown in the table.

Presentation of the date

The date in the reference list entry for a work with a publication date may be a year only, and month and year, or a specific date (e.g., a month, day, and year); however, in the in-text citation , provide the year only.

For an in-press work, use “in press” for the date in both the reference list entry and in-text citation.

For a work with no date, use “n.d.” in both the reference list entry and the in-text citation.

Italics in the title and source

Italic formatting within the title or source varies by reference and is not shown in the table. In general, the title is italicized for a work that stands alone (e.g., book, report, webpage on a website), and some part of the source is italicized for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, newspaper article).

See the reference examples and Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual for information on what to italicize within a reference.

• Boston University Libraries

APA Citations (7th edition)

Citing journal articles.

• Citing Books and eBooks
• Citing Videos
• Citing Web Resources

APA: Citing Journal Articles  from  Lawrence W. Tyree Library  on  Vimeo . View a transcript  here.

In this tutorial, you will learn the basics for citing journal articles with and without a DOI and how to cite open access journal articles.

Every APA reference needs four parts:  author, date, title,  and  source . As you go through these examples, you will learn how to identify these four parts and how to place and format them into a proper APA reference.

Example 1: A Journal Article with a DOI

For the first example, you will learn how to cite a journal article with a DOI. Often, you will find journal articles online using the library's databases or other online resources. 

The first step is to identify the  author  of the article. The author of this article is Brittanie Atteberry-Ash,

To list an author, write the  last name , a  comma , and the  first and middle initials .

Example: Atteberry-Ash.

Next, identify when this article was published. For journal articles, you typically only need the  year . In this case, this article was published in 2022. You can usually find the date at the top of the article, the cover of the journal, or, for online articles, the article's record.

List the  date  after the author(s), in  parentheses , followed by a  period .

Example: Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022).

Now, identify the  title of the article . The title will usually be at the very top of the article, in a larger size font.

List the  title  of the article after the date. Make sure you only capitalize the  first word of the title ,  the first word of the subtitle , which comes after a colon, and any  proper nouns . End with a period. In this title, only the words Social  and  A  are capitalized.

Example: Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022). Social work and social justice: A conceptual review.

For the last component, you need the  source . For an article, this is the  title of the journal, volume, issue , which is sometimes called  number , and  page numbers  of the article. Usually this information can be found on the cover of the journal, on the table of contents, or at the top of the article. For the page numbers, you should look at the first and last pages of the article. For online articles, this information is usually found in the article's record.

Type the  journal title , in  italics , capitalizing all major words, a comma, the  volume , also in  italics , the  number or issue  in parentheses, a comma, and then the  page numbers  of the article.

Example:  Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022). Social work and social justice: A conceptual review.  Social Work,   68  (1), 38-46.

The last element of the  source  is the  DOI , which stands for Digital Object Identifier. A DOI can be found in the article’s record or on the first page of the article.

Type the  DOI , using the prefix  https://doi.org/ . There is no period after the DOI.

Example:  Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022). Social work and social justice: A conceptual review.  Social Work,   68  (1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swac042

If you refer to a work in your paper, either by directly quoting, paraphrasing, or by referring to main ideas, you will need to include an in-text parenthetical citation. There are a number of ways to do this. In this example, a  signal phrase  is used to introduce a direct quote. The  author's name  is given in the text, and the  publication date  and  page number(s)  are enclosed in parentheses at the beginning and end of the sentence.

Example: Atteberry-Ash (2022) notes "social workers are called on to practice socially just values and to address the consequences of oppression, specifically lost opportunity, social disenfranchisement, and isolation" (p. 38).

Example 2: Multiple Authors and No DOI

In this example, most of the components needed for the reference can be found in the article’s record. This article, however, has multiple authors and does not have a DOI listed in its record or in the article itself.

Format all the citation components of this journal article like the first example. For multiple authors, list the authors in the order they are listed in the article. Use a  comma  to separate each author and an  ampersand (&)  should be placed before the last author’s name. This applies for articles with up to twenty authors. Since there is no DOI listed for this article, simply omit that element. The reference will conclude after the page numbers.  

Example: Penprase, B., Mileto, L., Bittinger, A., Hranchook, A. M., Atchley, J. A., Bergakker, S., Eimers, T., & Franson, H. (2012). The use of high-fidelity simulation in the admissions process: One nurse anesthesia program’s experience.  AANA Journal, 80 (1), 43–48.

If you refer to a work in your paper that has three or more authors, the in-text citation will include the first author's name only, followed by  et al.  which means "and all the rest."

Example: Penprase et al. (2012) states that "Admission into nurse anesthesia programs is known to be a competitive process among a diverse pool of candidates" (p. 43).

Example 3: An Open Access Journal Article

This article was found in  PLOS One  which is an open access journal. Open access journal articles are articles with the full text freely available online and do not require logging in.

You will need all of the same information from the previous examples to cite an open access article. In this example, most of this information can be found at the top of the article.

In this example, the article's volume, issue, and the  article number  are found in the citation provided by the journal. Article numbers are used in place of page numbers in some online journals.

The format for open access journals is the same as the other examples. In this example, an article number is used in place of the page numbers. After the issue number, type  Article  and then the article number. If an open access journal does not provide a DOI, you may provide the URL of the article instead. Only include the URL if it directly brings you to the full text of the article without logging in.

Example: Francis, H. M., Stevenson, R. J., Chambers, J. R., Gupta, D., Newey, B., & Lim, C. K. (2019). A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults – A randomised controlled trial.  PLOS ONE, 14 (1), Article e0222768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222768

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