what is descriptive qualitative research design according to creswell

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

The book Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches by Creswell (2014) covers three approaches-qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. This educational book is informative and illustrative and is equally beneficial for students, teachers and researchers. Readers should have basic knowledge of research for better understanding of this book. There are two parts of the book. Part 1 (chapter 1-4) consists of steps for developing research proposal and part II (chapter 5-10) explains how to develop a research proposal or write a research report. A summary is given at the end of every chapter that helps the reader to recapitulate the ideas. Moreover, writing exercises and suggested readings at the end of every chapter are useful for the readers. Chapter 1 opens with-definition of research approaches and the author gives his opinion that selection of a research approach is based on the nature of the research problem, researchers' experience and the audience of the study. The author defines qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research. A distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The author believes that interest in qualitative research increased in the latter half of the 20th century. The worldviews, Fraenkel, Wallen and Hyun (2012) and Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) call them paradigms, have been explained. Sometimes, the use of language becomes too philosophical and technical. This is probably because the author had to explain some technical terms.

Related Papers

Daniel Ortiz

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods

Dr. Esra Öztürk Çalık

Conducting a well-established research requires deep knowledge about the research designs. Doing research can be likened to jumping into the sea which may transform into a huge ocean if the researcher is not experienced. As a PhD candidate and a novice researcher, I believe that the book "Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches" by J.W. Creswell is a true reference guide for novice researchers since it is the most comprehensive and informative source with its reader-friendly structure.

International Journal of Social Sciences Interdisciplinary Research

Prashant Astalin

rhoda taller

Yan-yi Chang

John W. Creswell was previously a professor in educational psychology in the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He moved to the University of Michigan in 2015 as a professor in the Department of Family Medicine. He has published many articles and close to 27 books on mixed methods. Professor Creswell is also one of the founding members of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. He was a Fulbright scholar in South Africa in 2008 and Thailand in 2012. In 2011, he served as a visiting professor in the School of Public Health of Harvard University. In 2014, he became the Chairman of the Mixed Methods International Research Association. Professor Creswell has a personal website called “Mixed Methods Research” at http://johnwcreswell.com/. The site contains the information about his background, his own blog, consulting works and published books. He also posted replies questions from academic researchers and practitioners in the blog.

Chisomo Mgunda

Gloria Thakane Leutle

Richard Baskas, Ed.D. Candidate

Nurul Gasmi

To understand educational research, you now have the map (the steps that exist in the process of research) and the different paths you can take (quantitative and qualitative). Now we will explore some distinguishing features along the qualitative research design. These features are the research designs you can use to collect, analyze, and interpret data using quantitative and qualitative research. Some of the research designs may be familiar; others may be new, such as how these paths can converge with two designs called mixed methods research and action research. The discussion of designs will provide a more advanced understanding of educational research on your journey.

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

IRJET Journal

The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods

Global Academic Journal of Linguistics and Literature

Dr. Lok R A J Sharma

IJIP Journal

Education for Health: Change in Learning & Practice

Kelly Devers

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality

ANA MARIA PINTO-LLORENTE

International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research (IJAMR

Ramatu Ussif

Kathryn Pole

iosrjournals.org

Presented at Academic Business World International Conference. Nashville, Tennessee. May, 2007

Greg L Lowhorn

Changsong Wang

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

Mixed Methods Research for Improved Scientific Study

Mette Baran

Bostley Asenahabi

Studies in Comparative International Development

Gerardo Munck

International Research Journal of MMC

Umesh Raj Aryal

Villia Jefremovas

Seda Khadimally

shiroashi fullbuster

Nova Southeastern University

Addisalem Tadesse

Sarah Baloyi

koek Comfort

Dhea Savella Segui

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

• Request new password
• Create a new account

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

Student resources, welcome to the sage companion site for  research design ,  sixth edition.

The sixth edition of the best-selling text,  Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches  by  John W. Creswell  and  J. David Creswell , continues to provide clear and concise instruction for designing research projects or developing research proposals. This user-friendly text walks readers through research methods, from reviewing the literature to writing a research question and starting a hypothesis to designing the study. At each step in the process, the text addresses qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches to encourage readers to choose the approach that best fits the research question. Numerous examples draw from a wide variety of disciplines, featuring diverse philosophical ideas and modes of inquiry. Features like bullet points, numbered steps, and annotated research examples help students focus on the most important information in research design.

The  Sixth Edition  has been fully revised to reflect the 7th edition of the P ublication Manual of the American Psychological Association  with more inclusive language, updated citation styles, and updated writing suggestions. Learning objectives are now included at the start of each chapter. To help readers better achieve these learning objectives, the authors have clarified and improved the writing exercises to help readers better achieve these learning objectives. The final three chapters detailing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods now have a parallel structure so readers can better compare and contrast these approaches. Chapter 10 on mixed methods in particular has been restructured to reflect the latest developments in mixed methods and best practices. New research examples throughout help capture and demonstrate new trends in research.

 Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge John Ward Creswell and John David Creswell for writing an excellent text and creating the materials on this site.

For instructors

Access resources that are only available to Faculty and Administrative Staff.

Want to explore the book further?

Order Review Copy

Disclaimer:

This website may contain links to both internal and external websites. All links included were active at the time the website was launched. SAGE does not operate these external websites and does not necessarily endorse the views expressed within them. SAGE cannot take responsibility for the changing content or nature of linked sites, as these sites are outside of our control and subject to change without our knowledge. If you do find an inactive link to an external website, please try to locate that website by using a search engine. SAGE will endeavour to update inactive or broken links when possible.

Authors: John Ward Creswell and John David Creswell Pub Date: November 2022

Buy the book

• Scroll to top
• Dark Light Dark Light

Introduction to Descriptive Design Research 

• Author Survey Point Team
• Published September 4, 2023

Descriptive design research explains phenomena, populations, or situations through patterns of behavior. This is done through the collection of data via observation, surveys, interviews, and experiments. Descriptive design research answers questions about what is happening and why.  

In-depth research is conducted with the intent of learning as much as possible about a subject. Widely seen in the fields of social sciences and health sciences. Now seen in other areas such as business, education, and economics.  

According to Creswell , the descriptive research design is a study that describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. Primarily used to gain an understanding of a group or phenomenon. This involves collecting data through surveys, interviews, or observation. Descriptive research designs answer “Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.” 

Table of Contents

Characteristics of Descriptive Design Research  

The descriptive design research would entail the following characteristics:  

• Usability:  The usability is by observing and describing the behavior of the subject. This is without influencing it in any way. 
• Non-Experimental:  This research is non-experimental in nature. It does not involve any manipulation of variables. 
• Process:  There is a collection of large amounts of data. These can be through interviews, observations, surveys, and/or questionnaires, and other sources. 
• Analysis:  Seeks to describe, analyze, and explain phenomena in detail. 
• Requirement:  This includes answering questions related to the characteristics of a population/phenomenon. 
• Control:  is usually used when a researcher has limited control over the variables of interest and can only observe them. 
• Aim:  is used to gain a better understanding of a phenomenon and to form hypotheses for further investigation. 

Descriptive Design Research Examples  

Let’s take an example where researchers use descriptive design research:  

Suppose a researcher surveys a sample of college students to know what influences their decision to attend college. The researcher would ask questions such as:  

Q. What led you to decide to attend college?  

Q. How supportive were your family and friends of your decision?  

Q. What do you aim to get out of college?  

The researcher would then analyze the responses. In an effort to learn what makes some pupils more likely to go to college than others, we conducted a survey. 

On the whole, a researcher can use descriptive design research, include: 

• A study that describes the prevalence of anxiety among college students. 
• A survey that describes the attitudes of employees towards their workplace. 
• An observational study that describes the behavior of customers in a retail store. 
• A cross-sectional study that describes the health behaviors of a particular population. 
• A longitudinal study that describes changes in cognitive function among older adults. 

Types of Descriptive Design Research Surveys   

Descriptive design research classifies into the following types: 

Census Survey    

A census survey collects data from every member of a population. In this research method, the researchers account for the whole population of a specific area. After which, they analyze age, gender, income, occupation, and other demographic information. 

Sample Survey   

A sample survey gathers data on a selected population. In effect, this is to gain a better understanding of its characteristics through questions. In this case, questions explore characteristics of the population like demographics, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, etc.  

Comparative Survey  

A comparative survey involves the comparison of two or more entities. Therefore, this type of research identifies the similarities and differences between the entities. On the whole, to gain further insights into their respective characteristics.  

Comparative surveys explore topics such as customer satisfaction, product preferences, and employee attitudes. 

Longitudinal Survey   

A longitudinal survey is a collection of repeated observations on the same subjects. It identifies changes over a period of time. This survey explores the relationships between variables. These surveys often study the effects of aging, career development, and health outcomes. 

Cross-Sectional Survey   

In this research method, a sample from a population is taken and studied by the researchers at one specific time. It can be either single-variable or multivariable research .  

Cross-sectional surveys collect the population’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors at a particular time. 

When is it best to conduct a descriptive survey? 

Below is an example of a market research goal that can be met using a descriptive survey design. Survey research design provides researchers with the data they need to make educated judgments that will ultimately benefit the development of their organization. 

Define a distinct client type profile with the use of a descriptive survey design. For instance, a cosmetics business can use a descriptive survey to categorize customers into groups based on their characteristics. 

In order to learn how consumers feel about a given brand or product, one must: 

• Customers’ opinions on the unique selling proposition (USP) of your products and services can be gleaned through the usage of this research methodology . 
• You can conduct market research by asking customers what they like and don’t like about your product’s design, color scheme, packaging, etc. 
• A descriptive survey design can help you figure out what kind of customer acts in a certain way so you can better understand their motivations and preferences. For instance, a health drink manufacturer would inquire how many of their consumers also buy tea. Customers can be categorized in this way for more precise marketing. 
• Customers can shed light on shopping behaviors and the factors that influence purchases, which can be used to make educated predictions. 
• Customers are more likely to make purchases in November and December, according to surveys, because of the holidays and the approaching new year.  
• Companies can utilize the results of these surveys to anticipate sales and prepare for an influx of clients. 

Steps to Conduct Descriptive Design Research  

To list the steps involved in conducting descriptive design research: 

• Identify the question:  it is essential to identify the research problem or question. This is so that the researchers have clarity about the goal of the study.  
• Develop a research design:  The next step is to develop a research design. You should determine the data type you will collect and the methods you will use to analyze the data. 
• Collect the data:  Data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, or other methods. 
• Analyze the data:  The data analysis includes summarizing the data. For this, creating graphs or charts to visualize the data is mandatory. 
• Interpret the results:  The final step is to interpret the results of the study. That involves summarizing the findings and discussing the implications of the results. 

Advantages of Descriptive Design Research 

Descriptive design research has several advantages, including: 

• Provides a detailed and accurate description of a particular phenomenon or situation. 
• Generates hypotheses for future research. 
• Identify patterns or trends in the data. 

Limitations of Descriptive Design Research 

Descriptive design research also has some limitations, including: 

• Limited in its ability to identify causal relationships between variables. 
• It may not provide insight into why a particular phenomenon is occurring. 
• It may not be generalizable to other populations or situations. 

Conclusion  

In conclusion, descriptive design is an efficient method for performing research. It explores relationships between variables and draws meaningful conclusions from the data collected. The descriptive design provides an in-depth understanding of the hypothesis. This helps researchers get conclusive findings and make informed decisions.  

Descriptive design research is a valuable method because it analyzes a particular situation. Not to mention, it provides an accurate description of a particular population, behavior, or condition. Despite its drawbacks, this approach is a powerful means of discovering trends and gaining understanding. 

Is descriptive design research the same as qualitative research?  

No, descriptive design research is not the same as qualitative research. It can involve qualitative methods of collecting data, such as interviews or focus groups. In this case, descriptive design research also has quantitative methods, such as surveys or observational studies. 

How is descriptive design research different from experimental research?  

Descriptive design research focuses on analyzing a particular phenomenon or situation. Another key point, it focuses on identifying causal relationships between variables. 

Survey Point Team

Recent posts.

• Posted by Survey Point Team

How To Create Awareness Against Cyber Crime

Everything You Need To Know About Python

All You Need To Know About Innovations Shaping India's Future

Qualitative Research Methods: A Critical Analysis

11 Pages Posted: 13 May 2021

Northern Caribbean University

Enid F. Newell-McLymont

Date Written: May 13, 2021

Creswell (2014) noted that qualitative research is an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The article embodies a critical analysis of chapters one to twelve of Stake (2010). In chapter one, Qualitative research: How things work is seen as qualitative, is based on a comprehensive aim seeking to answer the questions why and how. It analyzes actions and interactions, taking into account the intentions of the actors. An analytic perspective on the interpretation of the Person as an instrument is the thrust of chapter two. Chapter three examines the experiential understanding: Most qualitative study is experiential, in this chapter stake (2010) discusses two common research approaches, qualitative and quantitative methods. Chapter four Stating the Problem: Questioning How This Thing Works. Chapter five deals with the Methods-Gatherings Data, while chapter six illuminates the Review of Literature: Zooming to See the Problem. In chapter seven, the author implores the evidence: Bolstering Judgment and Reconnoitering. Chapter eight propels Analysis and Synthesis: How Things Work. Chapter nine acts as a mirror that invites the researcher to examine their action research and Self-­Evaluation: Finding our Own How our Place Works. Finally, in chapters ten to twelve, the author compels Storytelling: Illustrating How Things Work, Writing the Final Report: An Iterative Convergence, and Advocacy and Ethics: Making Things Work Better. This work is expected to guide future researchers in developing their research in qualitative research.

Keywords: Qualitative Research, The Thing, Review of Literature, Evidence, Triangulation, Bias

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Self-management experiences in fall prevention among community-dwelling older adults in China: a descriptive qualitative study

• Cite this article
• https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2392878

Introduction

Limitations, conclusions.

• Supplemental material

Acknowledgements

Disclosure statement, additional information.

• Full Article
• Figures & data
• Supplemental
• Reprints & Permissions
• View PDF PDF

Falls are the most common injuries in older adults, and fall prevention is one of the primary measures to achieve healthy aging. Self-management refers to the measures taken by individuals to avoid various adverse factors and health damage to protect and promote their health. This study aimed to explore the factors and measures of self-managed fall prevention among community-dwelling older adults.

A qualitative study based in two communities under the jurisdiction of Ninghua Street and Shanghai Street was conducted in Fuzhou, China. Semi-structured and face-to-face individual interviews were conducted with 15 community-dwelling older adults. Interviews were conducted by the first and second authors who had participated in qualitative training and were audio-recorded and transcribed. The data were analysed deductively with content analysis.

The research revealed two themes with associated sub-themes: 1) influencing factors of self-managed fall prevention, and 2) promoting self-managed measures to prevent falls.

Individual, social support, community advocacy, and road condition influenced self-managed fall prevention. Active exercise, adjusting home environment and clothing, and multi-channel acquisition of self-managed fall prevention knowledge can reduce the incidence of falls among older adults. Identifying these experiences will help older adults improve their awareness of preventing falls, take responsibility for themselves, and reduce the incidence of falls.

Trial registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Register: ChiCTR2200060705; reg. date: June 8, 2022.

• Community-dwelling
• qualitative research
• older adults
• self-management

China has one of the fastest-aging populations [ Citation 1 ]. According to the Seventh National Census [ Citation 2 ], 264 million adults aged 60 and older account for 18.7% of the country’s population. Falls are the most common and primary unintentional injuries in older adults [ Citation 3 ]. With increasing age, the incidence of falls gradually increases. According to data from the World Health Organization [ Citation 4 ], 28–35% of adults over age 65 have fallen at least once a year, and the incidence of falls among adults over the age of 70 is 32–42%. The incidence of falls among people aged over 80 is as high as 50% [ Citation 5 ]. A meta-analysis in 2022 [ Citation 6 ] reported that the incidence of falls among older adults in China was 19.3%. Falling causes physical injuries such as soft tissue bruises and fractures and psychological problems such as anxiety, reduced balance confidence, and fear of falling, resulting in the loss of functional independence, reduced exercise, avoidance of social activities [ Citation 7 , Citation 8 ], and even death [ Citation 9 ]. Worldwide, approximately 684,000 people die from falls each year, with the latest proportion of deaths occurring among people aged 60 and older [ Citation 9 ]. Falls are the leading cause of death from injury among older adults aged 65 and above in China, and they are also the primary cause of traumatic fractures in older adults [ Citation 10 ]. More than half of older adults who seek treatment in medical institutions for injury are there because of falls [ Citation 10 ]. Additionally, falls can cause a heavy economic burden on families and the society [ Citation 8 , Citation 11–13 ]. Falls are harmful to older adults and can seriously affect their quality of life.

Although older adults have a high incidence of falls, falls are not inevitable owing to aging but can be prevented and controlled [ Citation 14 , Citation 15 ]. In the 2015 World Report on Aging and Health, the World Health Organization [ Citation 16 ] defined healthy aging as the process of developing and maintaining the functions necessary for the healthy life of older adults and fall prevention among community-dwelling older adults is a primary requirement to achieve healthy aging [ Citation 17 ]. In a systematic fall prevention project for older adults, the participation and efforts of individuals, families, medical staff, and society as a whole is required, and older adults play an important role [ Citation 14 ]. However, Huang [ Citation 18 ] found that fall prevention practice, whether in hospitals, communities, or nursing homes, focuses on the community, nursing homes, hospitals, and medical staff to improve facilities and equipment, system management, work service processes, or intervention measures to promote fall prevention. These studies often ignore the primary role of older adults in fall prevention and subjective initiative, focusing on the role of passive cooperation [ Citation 18–22 ]; therefore, the enthusiasm and compliance of older adults to participate fall prevention is low, and effectiveness is limited.

Through self-management, individuals can promote disease treatment, rehabilitation, and maintain health [ Citation 23 ]. Self-management research can be traced back to psychobehavioural therapy in the 1960s [ Citation 24 ]. Self-management emphasises ‘people-oriented’ measures to avoid adverse factors and health damage to protect and promote their health [ Citation 25 ]. Self-management has been widely used in different fields, especially in health education programs for patients with chronic diseases, such as hypertension [ Citation 26 ], diabetes [ Citation 27 ], and stroke [ Citation 28 ]. Self-management is more effective than passive participation in disease management. Currently, falls are regarded as preventable chronic diseases worldwide [ Citation 29 ], and prevention is emphasised in controlling the incidence of falls [ Citation 30 ]. Schnock et al. [ Citation 31 ] defined the self-management of fall prevention as individuals taking actions or behaviours to prevent falling. Huang [ Citation 18 ] defined self-managed fall prevention for older adults as active participation with the assistance of medical personnel in the assessment of fall risk factors, identification of fall hazards, and responses to fall hazards to maintain their safety and avoid fall injuries. However, existing prevention measures include behaviour restriction or instilling knowledge of fall prevention in older adults, instead of providing them with training in fall prevention to change risky behaviours and ignoring human subjective initiative altogether [ Citation 18 ]. Additionally, few studies have explored the influencing factors and improvement measures for self-managed fall prevention from the perspective of older adults.

Fall prevention is a primary measure to achieve healthy aging; however, measures to prevent falls are primarily implemented by healthcare workers. Thus, older adults are in a passive cooperative position. The concept of self-management emphasises that individuals are at the centre and maintain their health through their own efforts and has demonstrated favourable results in studies on managing various chronic diseases. Few studies have focused on fall prevention among community-dwelling older adults. Self-managed fall prevention considers older adults as the main body, emphasises their responsibility in maintaining their health and confidence in active responses, and pays attention to skills training and behaviour, which is a new concept geared towards older adults so they can prevent falls. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the factors and measures for self-managed fall prevention among community-dwelling older adults. Our study reveals two important themes related to fall prevention: influencing factors and promotion of self-managed measures.

Study design

This is a descriptive qualitative study [ Citation 32 ]. In an ideal situation, researchers and participants have direct communication and interaction. In the process of conversation, the researcher deeply explored the participants’ thinking perspectives and their subjective world from multiple angles. Then, the collected data and information are fully summarized and sorted out. We used qualitative methods to better understand the factors and measures of self-managed fall prevention from the perspective of older adults [ Citation 33 ]. We used EQUATOR’s COREQ checklist [ Citation 34 ] to check for this qualitative study (Supplementary File 1).

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a theoretical framework of this study. The HBM explained individuals’ engagement in preventive health behaviour as follows. (1) perceived susceptibility of the health condition, (2) perceived severity of the health condition, (3) perceived benefits to taking the recommended action, (4) perceived barriers to taking the recommended action, (5) cues to action to engage in the preventive-health behaviour, and (6) self-efficacy to engage in the prevention-health behaviour [ Citation 35 ]. The HBM is one of the most widely used theoretical frameworks to plan and design fall prevention strategies [ Citation 36 ].

Participants and recruitment

The study population included community-dwelling older adults in China. Inclusion criteria included age 60 and above, living in urban communities for six months or more, and the ability to express and comprehend simple Chinese characters. Exclusion criteria included having a hearing impairment, speech impairment, severe cognitive impairment, mental illness, and other severe or terminal diseases. Researchers judged whether participants met the inclusion criteria and whether to exclude them. Researchers contacted older adults who conformed to the inclusion criteria, asked if they would like to participate in this study, and provided them with written information for their consideration. The study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Fujian Medical University (No.: 2022/00074). In the meantime, our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

From September 1 to October 28, 2022, convenient sampling was conducted to select two communities under the jurisdiction of Ninghua Street and Shanghai Street, Taijiang District, Fuzhou City. When older adults in the two communities came to the Ninghua Street and Shanghai Street Community Health Service Centers for medical examinations, they would see the recruitment poster. When they asked about it, the team members would approach the participants, introduce this study, and leave them with contact information and three days of time for them to consider whether they would like to participate. Then, through purposive sampling, 15 participants who met inclusion criteria and could provide rich information were selected as research objects, numbered N1–N15. The first and second authors, having master’s degrees in nursing and received qualitative research training, conducted interviews with participants. They introduced themselves to older adults as geriatric nursing researchers. Researchers conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews with older adults. All participants were made aware of the purpose, significance, methodology, and voluntary nature before interviews. Each participant signed an informed consent form. The interviewers assured participants the research team would guard confidentiality and that only the researchers on the team could access it. We confirmed that written consent to publish these individual quotes has been obtained from all individuals (or their legal guardian). We took every effort to anonymize individuals.

Data collection

The interview process was recorded with the consent of the participants. The interviews were transcribed verbatim in Chinese. We interviewed them in a quiet location, including their home or nearby park setting. Researchers conducted 30–40 min semi-structured interviews to obtain information about self-managed fall prevention with various interview techniques including questioning, response, repetition, reorganization, and summary. In addition, researchers adjusted the interview strategy in a timely manner according to the situation. Handwritten records on the spot supplemented verbal or non-verbal information to ensure interview data were actual, complete, accurate, and comprehensive to reflect the views that older adults wanted to express. In the meantime, we collected their demographics. The HBM’s six constructs informed the approach to the semi-structured interview guide, which was uploaded as a supplementary file (Supplementary File 2). Older adults received a gift as compensation for study participation. The first author translated the quotes for the manuscript. To ensure the accuracy of the translation, we submitted the quotes and the translation manuscript to an editor with a Chinese and English mother tongue. After it was returned, the first author confirmed the translation again.

Data processing and analysis

We collected data and analysed data simultaneously. Within 24 h after each interview, the researchers carefully listened to the recordings and transcribed the interview recordings word for word and sentence for sentence into written materials. The researcher recorded the pauses, tones, emotional expressions, and body language in the conversation and wrote memos. After completing the transcriptions, researchers checked the text and sent it to the participants for verification. According to Saunders et al. [ Citation 37 ], data saturation differs depending on the type of study and assumptions concerning whether the data represent an ongoing process. After each interview, we evaluated the data to determine whether there were new patterns or variations to confirm saturation. The interviews were continued until data saturation.

We used QSR Nvivo11.0 ( www.qsrinternational.com ), a qualitative data analysis software, to store and encode the transcribed text and analyse the data via qualitative content analysis [ Citation 38 ]. We employed an iterative-inductive, team-based coding approach to code and analyse the text [ Citation 39 ]. Firstly, two researchers read the data repeatedly and immersed themselves to get a holistic understanding. Then, we found, extracted, and coded expressions related to the research topic sentence by sentence, and developed a codebook. We labelled the main ideas and concepts in the data and grouped similar codes into corresponding categories to form themes and sub-themes. We generated themes that involved open-ended coding of several transcripts with no predetermined codes or categories. In addition, researchers immersed themselves in the original data, read and re-read the data, and constantly compared and classified, discussed with each other, and checked and modified the codebook and the existing subject framework. The team had two meetings to update codebooks and present memos. All codes from the codebook were applied to the fifteen transcripts, then refined, reduced, and expanded. Codes were categorized into two themes and described the latent meaning of overt statements [ Citation 40 ]. Table 1 is an example of analysing data encoding. Finally, according to the actual situation reflected in the data, we modified and improved the theme framework, forming the existing two themes, including influencing factors of self-managed fall prevention and promoting self-management measures to prevent falls. Participants’ quotes illustrate the key findings.

Table 1. Example of analyzing with subthemes and themes.

Trustworthiness of this study was ensured using the criteria described by Cascio et al. [ Citation 39 ] and Lincoln and Guba [ Citation 41 ]. Credibility was ensured by member-checking during the interview and analysis triangulation, where the two authors independently analysed the transcript and then reached a consensus about the findings. We would also ensure that appropriate and authentic citations enhance trustworthiness. Transferability was established by thoroughly describing the findings and relating them to similar studies. Dependability and confirmability were ensured by discussing the findings, reaching consensus, and maintaining a thorough audit trail.

The demographic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 2 . Researchers extracted two themes and seven subthemes of self-managed fall prevention among participants: (a) influencing factors of self-managed fall prevention (individual, social support, community advocacy, and road condition), and (b) promoting self-management measures to prevent falls (active exercise, changing home environment and home wear, and multichannel acquisition of self-managed fall prevention knowledge).

Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics ( n  = 15).

Influencing factors of self-managed fall prevention, sub-theme 1: individual.

To be responsible for their health and reduce the burden on their family, older adults would pay attention to preventing falls. Most participants thought that the key to preventing falls depended on themselves and that they were primarily responsible for their health.

Older adults can prevent falls themselves. We must be careful to walk slowly on the road, not too fast. -ID8

Preventing falls is up to ourselves. Pay attention every day. If not, you will fall easily. -ID6

The individual plays the most important role because falling is an individual behaviour, and the individual needs to pay attention to it in all aspects so that such accidents do not easily occur. -ID2

Participants regarded fall prevention as a sense of responsibility towards their families and that fall prevention could reduce the burden on their families and unnecessary trouble.

As old as I am, I must learn to protect myself and not add trouble to my family with small children. For example, if I get hospitalised, it will cost money. If the pension is not enough, it will affect my children’s finances because they will have to pay for me. -ID6

Take care not to fall, or you will increase the burden on your children. It is not easy for them to make money outside. We take good care of ourselves to ease our kids’ burden. -ID3

Sub-theme 2: Social support

The care and reminders of family members could encourage older adults in this study to pay attention to preventing falls and was the driving force for participants to prevent falls and engage in self-management.

The family said to pay attention, walk slowly, and do not rush. My son reminds me not to fall when I go out. My children remind me. -N6

My child told me to walk carefully, watch the road, and do everything carefully to not fall. -N3

My children and wife would tell me they washed the floor with water and that I should pay attention while walking. -N4

Sub-theme 3: Community advocacy

Community support played a primary role in improving the self-management ability of participants to prevent falls; however, most participants said that they received less community support, including a lack of health education, life care, and spiritual care.

There are no fall prevention programs in the community to educate older adults. -N8

Our neighbourhood committee does not care about anything, let alone coming to our door to tell us how to prevent falls. -N1

There is still less community support for older people to prevent falls, and we do not talk to the community much. -N15

The community has not issued us the manual for preventing falls and so on. It does not have this function. The community also faces difficulties, and the workforce is lacking. There is a lot of work, and funds are required to do anything. The community cannot carry out the project without funds. -N3

The participants expressed hope that the community would provide healthcare education programs for fall prevention in older adults.

I do not know if my risk of falling is high or low, and I would like my community doctors and nurses to help me evaluate it and teach me how to prevent falls, but the community has not done so yet. -N6

Sub-theme 4: Road condition

The participants identified poor road conditions as barriers to self-managed fall prevention. Poor road conditions coupled with bad weather greatly increase the risk of falls.

It is easy for older adults to slip on maintenance hole covers, potholes, wood or stone roads, and plastic waste left on the pavement. -N6

The road construction caused the ground to become uneven. There were puddles on the ground. Older adults fell over when they walked over. Additionally, indiscriminate parking of vehicles can also cause older adults to fall. -N8

It is raining today; the road is slippery. So older adults are more likely to fall. The road is congested with traffic. We may fall if we do not realise and may be hit by a car. -N2

Now people need to drive electric bikes to deliver food. If we do not react in time, we may knock down. -N5

Promoting self-managed measures to prevent falls

Sub-theme 1: active exercise.

With increasing age, the function of all aspects of the body declines, and the incidence of falls is high. Participants believed that they were more active in exercising and improving their physical fitness to prevent falls.

In general, if older adults want to avoid falling, they must do regular exercise, and the two most effective kinds of exercises are: walking and resistance exercises. -N8

Participants believed that exercise could improve physical fitness and reduce the consequences of falls.

Prevent falls, walk, and exercise more. Do not be too fat, and the body will be flexible. We should build up our fitness and keep exercising. -N14

Simultaneously, participants believed that suitable exercise and moderate-intensity exercise were better at preventing falls.

Older adults cannot do strenuous exercise. But I take a walk to improve my flexibility. -N2

I like to go outdoor for cardio. I do not do strenuous exercise. I know my body when it comes to preventing falls. -N1

Sub-theme 2: Changing home environment and home dress

Home was the primary place of life for older adults in this study. They gradually began to pay attention to ensure that their home environment and clothing was reasonable in terms of avoiding falls.

Older adults should be careful when bathing. They should wear non-slip slippers when taking a bath. The home environment is important. Do not put debris on the floor and clean it up to avoid tripping. Older adults should walk carefully at night and pay attention to not slip. It is necessary to hold hands. -ID14

The bathroom should be kept clean and dry. Like for the bathtub in my home, there must be non-slip mats and handrails for older adults. -ID15

There were also participants considering retrofitting their homes for aging.

Now, we are also considering whether to retrofit the floor, kitchen, and bathroom at home. -ID5

Sub-theme 3: Multichannel acquisition of self-managed fall prevention knowledge

Participants needed rich self-managed fall prevention knowledge to improve their self-management abilities. Students can acquire knowledge from many sources.

Self-managed fall prevention knowledge comes from mobile phone news reports or short videos. -N2

Check fall prevention articles forwarded by others via WeChat. -N4

Simultaneously, participants were also good at summarising their own life experiences.

I will sum up my experience of preventing falls. -N4

We have lived for decades and know how to prevent falls. It is basic life knowledge. -N2

The older adults in this study observed other individuals’ fall experiences to gain experience.

We will sum up the experience of people in our society. We see others looking at their mobile phone and falling. To summarise, walk without looking at the mobile phone. -N6

Fall-reduction behaviours in older adults is based on their sense of self-management [ Citation 42 ]. This study’s results showed that although most older adults are aware of the severity of falls and believe that they themselves are the key to preventing them, some still have a fatalistic view of falls and believe they are unpredictable and predestined, similar to the findings of Kiyoshi-Teo et al. [ Citation 43 ]. Community nursing staff could implement targeted intervention measures to help older adults realise the value of self-management in preventing falls and improving their self-efficacy. For older adults with weak self-management awareness of fall prevention, community nursing staff should strengthen the popularisation of knowledge, correct the wrong ideas of older adults, make them fully realise that falls can be prevented and controlled, emphasise the necessity and importance of self-management to prevent falls, and be proactive about fall prevention. For older adults to have a sense of self-managed fall prevention, community nursing staff should adopt positive encouragement strategies to affirm their consciousness and provide positive encouragement. Fall self-efficacy refers to older adults’ confidence in their ability to perform activities without falling in daily life [ Citation 44 ]. The interviews revealed that older adults recognise the primary role of their inner strength in preventing falls and pay attention to preventing falls in daily life, indicating that they have fall efficacy. Soh et al. [ Citation 45 ] believed that the traditional interpretation of fall efficacy needs to be reconsidered and that fall efficacy should be defined as the perceived ability to manage potential fall threats. Therefore, it is necessary to improve fall efficacy in older adults, enhance their ability to manage fall threats, and encourage them to improve their sense of fall prevention.

As emphasized by the HBM [ Citation 35 ], acquiring knowledge is essential for understanding the susceptibility and severity of health conditions. Adequate knowledge serves as the foundation and prerequisite for implementing correct behaviours. Leahy [ Citation 46 ] emphasized that receiving comprehensive and professional health education can assist individuals in better grasping disease-related knowledge, thereby facilitating patient disease management. Consequently, older adults must acquire knowledge and skills related to fall prevention to enhance their self-management abilities. This study reveals that older adults lack channels for obtaining self-managed fall prevention knowledge and professional resources. The knowledge they acquire is often one-sided and fragmented, potentially leading to a deficiency in professional knowledge and hindering behavioural changes. These findings align with the study conducted by Tian et al. [ Citation 22 ]. To address this, we aim to expand the information support channels for older adults, providing professional and diverse guidance and assistance. For instance, we plan to provide recommendations to authoritative websites and public platforms dedicated to fall prevention self-management. Community workers can also distribute manuals and books to older adults, offering professional and accurate information on self-managed knowledge and skills for preventing falls.

Social support encompasses the material and spiritual assistance received by an individual from their family or other social networks [ Citation 47 ]. This assistance originates from a range of sources, including family, relatives, friends, the community, and society at large. The social support system is a crucial determinant of older adults’ compliance with fall prevention measures [ Citation 48 ]. The current study revealed that a robust social support network significantly enhances older adults’ self-management abilities in preventing falls. Notably, family support serves as a primary motivation for older adults to engage in fall prevention within their communities. A nationwide survey conducted in China [ Citation 49 ] revealed a high demand for community services among older adults, particularly in the areas of healthcare, daily care, and spiritual care. However, the supply of these services remains inadequate, resulting in a supply-demand imbalance. These findings align with the results of the present study, which highlights limited community engagement with older adults and the absence of a comprehensive support network for fall prevention. This may be attributed to the large population of residents in the community and the cumbersome procedures involved in handling community affairs. Consequently, it is imperative for the responsible governmental entity to reduce the associated burden and increase support, enabling the community to play a pivotal role in promoting self-managed fall prevention among older adults [ Citation 50 ]. The prevention of falls among older adults is a societal responsibility that requires the participation of all stakeholders. To this end, the responsible governmental entity must establish an age-friendly environment, enhance the construction of suitable living environments, and optimize supportive environments specifically tailored to meet the needs of older adults [ Citation 51 ].

It is noteworthy that the prevalence of falls among Chinese older adults residing in rural areas (22%) was comparable to that observed in urban areas (18%) [ Citation 52 ]. Chinese rural older adults have traditionally engaged in agricultural labour for prolonged periods, often resulting in a limited awareness regarding fall prevention [ Citation 53 ]. Agricultural production activities can potentially hasten the degradation of musculoskeletal system functions, thus increasing the risk of falls [ Citation 52 ]. Among Chinese rural older adults, physical activity levels and moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise have been associated with an increased risk of falls [ Citation 54 ]. Consequently, the implementation of fall prevention strategies among rural older adults in China is equally crucial. Our study primarily focuses on community-dwelling older adults, who are relatively less impacted by physiological changes, aiming to serve as a guiding light for self-managed fall prevention efforts. Subsequently, we aim to extend the scope of our research to encompass rural older adults and investigate the practical measures they can adopt to enhance self-managed fall prevention, ultimately aiming to reduce the overall occurrence of falls.

This study acknowledges its several limitations. Firstly, due to constraints in human and material resources, the investigation and evaluation were confined to older adults residing in urban communities in Fuzhou. Consequently, the findings may not be generalizable to other settings. Future research should aim to broaden the scope of the investigation to include rural and urban areas across multiple provinces to facilitate comparisons and explore the perspectives of older adults in different regions on self-managed fall prevention, ultimately leading to the development of more effective measures for this population. Secondly, the study did not differentiate between older adults based on their disease types. Future studies would benefit from interviewing older adults with various high-risk fall diseases to gain a deeper understanding of the influencing factors and coping strategies related to self-managed fall prevention. This knowledge would significantly contribute to the design of more tailored and effective interventions for this vulnerable group. Finally, while conducting interviews about self-managed fall prevention among Chinese older adults, we primarily reviewed strategies relevant to China. The promotion and application of the research results remain to be verified and validated.

This study is a qualitative investigation examining the perspectives of community-dwelling older adults regarding self-managed fall prevention in their daily lives. The findings reveal that these older adults possess a sense of self-managed fall prevention, believing that their own strength plays a crucial role in preventing falls. However, it is noteworthy that they lack knowledge in this domain, have limited access to information, and cannot independently guarantee the authenticity of professional and authoritative sources. Additionally, they experience limited social support. These insights provide valuable references for individuals, families, and community workers to prioritize self-managed fall prevention and its associated countermeasures for older adults. Future research can further explore programs tailored for self-managed fall prevention among older adults, aiming to develop coping strategies that enhance their current situation.

Authors contributions

Yang Yu-ting, Yao Miao, Yang Yong-wei, and Lin Ting were involved in the conception and design. Yang Yu-ting was responsible for the drafting of the paper, analyzed and interpreted the data. Yao Miao analyzed and interpreted the data. Yao Miao and Yang Yong-wei revised it critically for intellectual content. Lin Ting was responsible for the final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. And that all authors agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Ethical approval

The study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Fujian Medical University (No.: 2022/00074) and written informed consents were obtained from each participant.

Supplemental Material

All authors would like to thank all the participants who joined this research and the assistance of the Community Health Service Center of Ninghua Street and Shanghai Street, Taijiang District.

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due this article is part of the author’s master’s thesis with a confidentiality period of 2 years, and other related papers have not yet been published. The datasets were not suitable for publication now but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

• Pang GF, Hu CY, Yang Z. China’s population aging trend and countermeasures 2020. Chin J Geriatric Care . 2021;19(01):3–5.   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. The Seventh National Census Bulletin (No. 5) [Webpage]. 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/202302/t20230206_1902005.html   Google Scholar
• E, Yl, Duan LL, , Ye PP, et al. Analysis of the characteristics of unintentional injuries among the elderly from the Chinese National Injury Surveillance System. Chin J Health Educ . 2016;32(04):312–317.   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. 2007. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WHo-Global-report-on-falls-prevention-in-older-age.pdf   Google Scholar
• Journal editorial board of Chinese Journal of Geriatric Care. Expert consensus on fall risk assessment of elderly people in China (Draft). Chin J Geriatric Care . 2019;17(04):47–48, 50.   Google Scholar
• Yang SL, Tu JX, Zhu X, et al. Older adult injury mortality in China: a meta-analysis. Chin J Evid Based Med . 2022;22(12):1393–1399.   Google Scholar
• Zijlstra GA, van Haastregt JC, van Eijk JT, et al. Prevalence and correlates of fear of falling, and associated avoidance of activity in the general population of community-living older people. Age Ageing . 2007; 36 ( 3 ):304–309. doi:10.1093/ageing/afm021.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Zhang HG, Song M, Xu Y, et al. Research progress of fall-related psychological concerns among older adults. Chin J Nurs . 2021;56(03):458–463.   Google Scholar
• Word Health Organization. Falls [Webpage]. 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls   Google Scholar
• Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Seven institutions issued the Joint Tips for Older Adults [Webpage]. 2019. https://m.chinacdc.cn/xwzx/mtbd/201906/t20190617_203274.html   Google Scholar
• Hao L, Li S, Xiang F, et al. The trend of fall mortality in China, 2003-2018. Modern Prevent Med . 2021;47(23):4357–4360.   Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Guo RQ, Min SH, et al. Disease burden on falls among older adults in China, 1990-2019. Modern Prevent Med . 2021;48(09):1542–1545, 1630.   Google Scholar
• James SL, Lucchesi LR, Bisignano C, et al. The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev . 2020; 26 ( Supp 1 ):i166–i11. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484corr1.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Peng YA. Technical guidelines for fall intervention in the elderly. Chin Pract J Rural Doctor . 2012;19(8):1–13.   Google Scholar
• Close JCT, Lord SR. Fall prevention in older people: past, present and future. Age Ageing . 2022; 51 ( 6 ):afac105. doi:10.1093/ageing/afac105.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Word Health Organization. World report on aging and health [Webpage]. 2015. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565042   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Dong XM, Yang J, et al. Injury prevention in the elderly, realize the goal of healthy aging. Injury Med . 2012;1(04):44–48.   Google Scholar
• Huang Y. Application research of intervention mapping program in improving self-management abilities for fall prevention in elderly patients. Master Thesis. Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan. 2017.   Google Scholar
• Merom D, Pye V, Macniven R, et al. Prevalence and correlates of participation in fall prevention exercise/physical activity by older adults. Prev Med . 2012; 55 ( 6 ):613–617. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.001.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Olij BF, Erasmus V, Kuiper JI, et al. Falls prevention activities among community-dwelling elderly in the Netherlands: a Delphi study. Injury . 2017; 48 ( 9 ):2017–2021. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2017.06.022.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Tian L, Chen Y. Fall prevention self-management in elderly patients: a literature review. Chin Nurs Manage . 2019;19(06):919–923.   Google Scholar
• Tian L, Chen Y, Long YH, et al. Self-management experience of cancer patients after chemotherapy on home fall prevention: a qualitative study. Chin J Nurs . 2020;55(11):1648–1652.   Google Scholar
• Yang TZ, Li ZQ, Huang L. Implications of self-management theory and methods for modern nursing care. Chin J Nurs . 2003;38(11):906–908.   Google Scholar
• Glasgow RE, Strycker LA, Toobert DJ, et al. A social-ecologic approach to assessing support for disease self-management: the Chronic Illness Resources Survey. J Behav Med . 2000;23(6):559–583.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Yu GL. Development of a Family Self-Management Scale for Asthmatic Children Aged 4-11 and Interventional Study on Family Self-Management. Master Thesis, Qingdao University, Qingdao. 2014.   Google Scholar
• Hou XH, Zhou SH, Nie XQ, et al. Effect evaluation of health education on hypertension self-management among patients with hypertension in Song County of Henan Province in 2019. Chin J Health Educ . 2022;38(03):255–258.   Google Scholar
• Mao F, Jiang YY, Xia Z, et al. Analysis of changes in self-efficacy and its influencing factors in type 2 diabetic patients after community-based self-management group intervention. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi . 2022; 56 ( 7 ):932–939. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20220310-00222.   PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu XY, Huang WQ, Wang YY, et al. Research progress of stroke self-management assessment tools and interventions. Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing . 2022;38(12):946–951.   Google Scholar
• Li YL, Ding F. Characteristics of the STEADI Toolkit and its application in preventing falls in the elderly. Chin Nurs Manage . 2019;19(04):627–631.   Google Scholar
• Grady PA, Gough LL. Self-management: a comprehensive approach to management of chronic conditions. Am J Public Health . 2014; 104 ( 8 ):e25–e31. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302041.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Schnock KO, P Howard E, Dykes PC. Fall prevention self-management among older adults: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med . 2019; 56 ( 5 ):747–755. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.007.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Sandelowski M. Whatever happened to qualitative description? Res Nurs Health . 2000; 23 ( 4 ):334–340. doi:10.1002/1098-240X(200008)23:4<334::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Creswell JW, Hanson WE, Clark Plano VL, et al. Qualitative research designs selection and implementation. Counsel Psychol . 2016; 35 ( 2 ):236–264. doi:10.1177/0011000006287390.   Google Scholar
• Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care . 2007; 19 ( 6 ):349–357. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Janz NK, Becker MH. The health belief model: a decade later. Health Educ Q . 1984; 11 ( 1 ):1–47. doi:10.1177/109019818401100101.   PubMed Google Scholar
• Vincenzo JL, Patton SK, Lefler LL, et al. A qualitative study of older adults’ facilitators, barriers, and cues to action to engage in falls prevention using health belief model constructs. Arch Gerontol Geriatr . 2022; 99 :104610. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104610.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, et al. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual Quant . 2018; 52 ( 4 ):1893–1907. doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci . 2013; 15 ( 3 ):398–405. doi:10.1111/nhs.12048.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Cascio MA, Lee E, Vaudrin N, et al. A Team-based approach to open coding: considerations for Creating Intercoder Consensus. Field Methods . 2019; 31 ( 2 ):116–130. doi:10.1177/1525822X19838237.   Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Graneheim UH, Lindgren BM, Lundman B. Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: a discussion paper. Nurse Educ Today . 2017; 56 :29–34. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1985.   Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? J Pers . 2006; 74 ( 6 ):1557–1586. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Kiyoshi-Teo H, Northrup-Snyder K, Robert Davis M, et al. Qualitative descriptions of patient perceptions about fall risks, prevention strategies and self-identity: analysis of fall prevention Motivational Interviewing conversations. J Clin Nurs . 2020; 29 ( 21-22 ):4281–4288. doi:10.1111/jocn.15465.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L. Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol . 1990; 45 ( 6 ):P239–P243. doi:10.1093/geronj/45.6.p239.   PubMed Google Scholar
• Soh SL. Falls efficacy: the self-efficacy concept for falls prevention and management. Front Psychol . 2022; 13 :1011285. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1011285.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Leahy Y. Inflammatory bowel disease: patient education using Web-based resources. Gastroenterol Nurs . 2009; 32 ( 6 ):415–418. doi:10.1097/SGA.0b013e3181c3f6be.   PubMed Web of Science ® Google Scholar
• Xiao SY. The theoretical basis and research application of the social support rating scale. J Clin Psychiatry . 1994;4(02):98–100.   Google Scholar
• Wen Y, Dong M. Research progress on compliance of elderly inpatients in preventing falls. J Nurs Rehabil . 2016;15(06):541–543.   Google Scholar
• Huang QY, Li Y, Xu X, et al. Older adults’ needs of community elder care service in China and the innuencing factors: an empirical research based on CLHLS. J Nurs Sci . 2021;36(03):5–9.   Google Scholar
• Tong ZZ. A Case Study on Improving Home Safety Awareness of Elderly Empty Nest Elders. Master Thesis. Qinghai Normal University, Xining. 2022   Google Scholar
• The Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the National Health Commission, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases. Core information on health education for preventing falls in older adults. [Webpage]. 2021. https://ncncd.chinacdc.cn/zxdt/202110/t20211012_250181.htm   Google Scholar
• Lu JY, Guo DX, Li FW, et al. Chinese elderly fall Occurrence status and influencing factors. J Zhengzhou Univ . 2020;55(05):662–667.   Google Scholar
• Wang XJ, Xu Y, Zhou YY, et al. Meta-analysis on the incidence of falls among the elderly in the Chinese community. Chin Evid Based Nurs . 2020;6(11):1149–1154.   Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Li J, Fu P, et al. Association between physical activity and falls among older adults in rural China: are there gender and age related differences? BMC Public Health . 2022; 22 ( 1 ):356. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12773-1.   PubMed Google Scholar
• Back to Top

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations. Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.

• People also read
• Recommended articles

To cite this article:

Download citation, your download is now in progress and you may close this window.

• Choose new content alerts to be informed about new research of interest to you
• Easy remote access to your institution's subscriptions on any device, from any location
• Save your searches and schedule alerts to send you new results
• Export your search results into a .csv file to support your research

Login or register to access this feature

Register now or learn more

• Methodology
• Research Methodology
• Mixed Methods

Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches / J.W. Creswell.

• January 2009

• University of Michigan

Discover the world's research

• 25+ million members
• 160+ million publication pages
• 2.3+ billion citations

No full-text available

To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.

• Peter S. Nyasulu

• Elizabeth Klammer

• Joselyne Rugema

• Nelvia Susmita
• Harris Effendi Thahar
• Sinta Wahyuni

• Anees Alhudiri
• Abdelaziz Elanizi
• Alzobier Eltaiash

• Mustafa Sever
• TRANSPORT POLICY

• Gia Nikawanti

• Neng Maspupah

• Khwanchanok Theerasan
• Saowanee Sirisooksilp

• Arina Hayati

• Paul Assenga
• Muteti Catherine M
• Fortunatus M. Mbua
• Asia Pac J Tourism Res
• Jinyan Chen

• Sarah Gardiner

• Betty Corozo Angulo

• tan shen kian

• Kadek Ratnawati
• Ni Luh Putu Artini

• Lailatul Mukaromatul Ula
• Dewi Diah Fakhriyyah
• Ika Harianingsih
• Zailani Jusoh
• Ahmad Rofiq Zakariya
• Nuzulul Lailatul Bunga Puspita
• BMC Med Educ

• M. Nu'man Al Hadziq
• Aprilia Sari Yudha
• Nur Andini Sudirman

• Hernawati Hernawati
• Yousef Bani Ahmad
• Hilmansyah Saefullah
• Jianrong Zhu

• Tuti Adawiyah
• Tiong-Thye Goh
• Britta Solheim
• Jack Priske
• Murad Mahmoud

• Tristan Straight
• Jennah Meyer

• Rosemary Seiwah Bosu

• Anilú Vallejo Calva

• Hairani Partika HN
• Syamsurizal
• J INTELL ROBOT SYST

• James Riordan

• Elaine de Oliveira Santos
• Manoel Osmar Seabra Junior
• Monique Yndawe Castanho Araujo
• Stephanus Solaiman

• Karla Odette
• Paula Villalpando Cadena

• Jaya Catur Arya Utama
• Noortje Anita Kumaat
• Ivanir Santos Ganem
• Tiara Savitri
• Audi Yundayani
• Wisma Yunita
• Anak Agung Bagus Wahana Sakti
• I Gusti Agung Istri Aryani
• I Komang Sumaryana Putra
• I Putu Satyaprema Ridana
• Soritua Yosfran Nababan
• Prima Aulia

• Kirsten Kimberly Injily Gerungan

• Dian Novita Kristiyani

• U. B. Andrew
• F. Florence
• Sekar Arum Pratiwi
• Hesty Prima Rini

• Recruit researchers
• Join for free
• Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up