Subject Guide: Communication: Citing Sources Orally
- Background Information & Reference Books
- Developing a Research Question
- Defining Scholarly Sources
- Using OneSearch
- Research Strategies: How to "Speak" Database
- Communication Journals
- Finding Empirical Sources
- Finding Biographical Articles
- Finding Biographical Books
- Evaluating Sources
- Citing Sources Orally
What Are Oral Citations?
Oral citations : When you are delivering your speeches, you should plan on telling the audience the source(s) of your information while you are speaking. (from James Madison University Communication Center )
A good speech should be well-researched, and many times you will be using facts, statistics, quotes, or opinions from others throughout. If you do not cite your sources orally, this can be considered plagiarism and is unethical. This applies to direct quotations, paraphrasing, and summarizing. You must orally cite, even if you will be providing a bibliography, works cited, or reference list to your instructor. (adapted from Sante Fe College Oral Citation LibGuide )
Why Cite Your Sources During a Speech?
(adapted from College of Southern Nevada's Oral Citation LibGuide )
CREDIBILITY
An oral citation conveys the reliability, validity and currency of your information. Citing your sources orally lets your audience know that you have researched your topic. The stronger your sources are, the stronger your credibility will be.
Bakersfield College’s Student Academic Integrity Policy defines plagiarism as “ the act of using the ideas or work of another person or persons as if they were one's own, without giving credit to the source.” This policy, along with Bakersfield College’s Student Code of Conduct, Code #15 , prohibit plagiarism.
Failure to provide an oral citation is considered a form of plagiarism, even if you cite your sources in a written outline, bibliography, works cited page or list of references.
When you are delivering a speech, you must provide an oral citation for any words, information or ideas that are not your own.
When Do You Cite Sources in a Speech?
(adapted from Gateway Community and Technical College COM 181 LibGuide )
- Oral citations will always be in a narrative style; you mention citation details about the work as part of your presentation.
- Place the citation before the information to give weight and authority to what you're about to say.
- You must cite words or ideas that come from another person or you will be plagiarizing their work!
- When you are providing information that is not commonly known, such as statistics, expert opinions, or study results.
- Whenever you use a direct quotation.
- If you are unsure if a citation is required, be safe and cite the source.
Citing Sources in a Speech Video
How Do You Cite Sources in a Speech?
The best practice is to provide a full oral citation that would include the author(s) (assuming that is available), the name of the publication, the specific publication date and year, and any other pertinent information. How you cite your information should highlight the most important aspects of that citation (e.g., we may not know who “Dr. Smith” is, but if Dr. Smith is identified as a lead researcher of race relations at New York University, the citation will take on more credibility). (adapted from Tips for Oral Citations from Eastern Illinois University )
(adapted from Gateway Community and Technical College COM 181 LibGuide )
The first mention of a work should include all citation elements; subsequent mentions of that work only require the author as long as source attribution remains clear (i.e. you have not used a different source in intervening narrative).
What are the elements of an oral citation.
- If the source might not be recognized by your listeners, add a comment to help establish its credibility.
- Include enough detail to help your listener locate the work later.
- Do give the full date in citations that refer to newspaper or magazine articles.
- Particularly important if there are statistics or data that change over time.
- Mention the publication year for books and journals.
- If there is there is no date, as with some websites, state the date that you accessed the material.
- Also indicate the Author's credentials (why they are an authority on the subject).
- If there are two authors, use both names in your citation.
- If there are more than two authors, name the first author and use "and associates" or "and colleagues".
- If the full title is long, use a shortened version that makes sense and still communicates enough information for your listener to locate the work.
How do I orally cite a quotation?
- You should make in clear that you are directly quoting another person rather than paraphrasing or summarizing their work. You can use a signal phrase like "... and I quote" or "As Jonas said..." to introduce the cited material.
Examples of Oral Citations in a Speech
(adapted from Tips for Oral Citations from Eastern Illinois University )
For a magazine article
“According to an article by Ben Elgin in the February 20th, 2006 issue of Business Week, we can expect Google and Yahoo’s supremacy as the search engine giants to be challenged by new U.S. startups. Elgin reports that …”
“As reported in the February 20th, 2006 issue of Business Week, many new companies are getting into the search engine business. This article explains that …”
“A February 20th, 2006 Business Week article reported that Google and Yahoo will face stiff competition in the search engine business …”
For a newspaper article
“On February 22nd, 2006, USA Today reported that …”
“An article about the effects of global warming appeared in the February 22nd edition of USA Today. Todd Smith’s report focused on the alarming rate of …”
“An article on global warming that appeared in the February 22nd issue of USA Today sounded the alarm …”
For a website
“On January 12. 2019, I visited the “Earthquakes” page of www.ready.gov , the website of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. businesses and citizens …”
“According to the Earthquakes page on U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s website, …”
“Helpful information about business continuity planning can be found on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s website, located at www.ready.gov …”
“On January 12, 2019, I consulted the website maintained by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to learn more about what businesses should do to plan for an emergency. In the section entitled ‘Plan to stay in business,’ several recommendations for maintaining continuity of business operations were offered. These suggestions included …”
For a journal article
“A study published on December 12, 2004, in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology reported that incidents of workplace aggression have increased …”
“Research conducted by Dr. Bailey and Dr. Cross at Stanford University found that incidents of workplace aggression have increased over the past five years. Their 2004 study published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology in December of that year reported that …”
“According to a December, 2004 study published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology, …”
“A December 2004 study by Bailey and Cross in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology, …”
“In a December, 2004 study published in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Bailey and Cross reported that …”
“A December 2004 study by Stanford University researchers found that incidents of workplace aggression …”
“Bailey and Cross, experts in workplace aggression, authored a study that shows that incidents of aggression in the workplace are increasing. Their December 2004 Journal of Applied Social Psychology article reports that …”
“In her 2005 book, Good Health at Any Age, Dr. Gabriella Campos describes how we can maintain our health through healthy eating. She recommends …”
“Gabriella Campos, an expert in nutrition, describes what is needed to maintain a healthy diet in her 2005 book Good Health at Any Age. She contends that …”
“In her recent book, Good Health at Any Age, Dr. Gabriella Campos recommends …”
“In Good Health at Any Age, Dr. Gabriella Campos, an expert in nutrition, offers suggestions for …”
For a television program
“On February 21, 2021, our local PBS station aired a program called “The Insurgency.” In this program …”
“According to “The Insurgency,” a Frontline program aired by PBS on February 21st,2021 ….”
- “Frontline, a PBS program, focused on the Iraq War in the television program entitled “The Insurgency.” This show aired on February 21, 2021, and focused on the problems confronting …”
For a YouTube video
“The Children and Young People’s Well-being Service, a branch of the UK National Health Service, uploaded Getting a Good Night’s Sleep–Top Tips for Teens to Youtube on January 7, 2021. In the video, they explain that caffeine is a stimulant and we will get better sleep if we avoid it for at least 6 hours before bedtime.”
“Nemours Foundation is non-profit organization established in 1936,dedicated to improving children’s health. In their How to help your teens get enough sleep video, uploaded to Youtube on July 6, 2022 they explain that teens’ body clocks change during puberty and teens naturally fall asleep later at night, which often leads to sleep depravation.”
For a personal interview
“On February 20th I conducted a personal interview with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor here at Eastern, to learn more about student responses to peer pressure. Dr. Ortez told me that …”
“I conducted an interview with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor at Eastern Illinois University, and learned that peer pressure is a big problem for university students.”
“In an interview, I conducted with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor, I learned that …”
“I met with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor here at Eastern, to learn more about … She told me that peer pressure is a major factor contributing to academic failure in college.”
“In a telephone interview I conducted with Dr. Forest Wiley, a gerontology professor at University of Illinois, I learned that the elderly are likely to feel ...”
“I emailed Dr. Forest Wiley, a gerontology professor at the University of Illinois, to get additional information on his research on the aging’s use of the Internet. He told me …”
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APA 7th Referencing
- Style summary
- Easy Referencing tool This link opens in a new window
- In-text citations
- Reference lists
- Secondary sources (as cited in)
- Streaming videos
- Film/Movie, TV, radio and podcasts
- Print books
- Book chapters
- Edited books
- Conference papers and webinars
- Dictionaries and encyclopedias
- First Nations resources and knowledges
- Images, artworks, and screenshots
- Journal articles
- Newspapers and magazines
- Lecture/Class materials, MOOCs/learning modules and personal communications
- Legal cases
- Legislation, bills and regulations
- Conventions and treaties
- Taxation rulings
- Coroners' reports
- Medical databases
- Plant labels and profiles
Speeches format
- Standards, building codes and patents
- Graphs (figures)
- Theses and dissertations
- Translated and foreign works
- Websites and webpages
- Online documents (e.g. white paper, brochure, fact sheet, ppt slides etc.)
- Social media, apps, games and AI
- APA 7th quiz
- From an edited book
- From a web source
- From YouTube
Speech from an edited book
Reference the source in which you found the speech.
Reference elements
In-text citation
- Citations need to include both the original author of the speech and the secondary source in which the speech was found (e.g. an edited anthology of speeches).
- In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source (i.e. the edited book) in which you found the citation.
Speech from a web source
- If you want to acknowledge the speech's title, make sure to do so in italics .
Speech from YouTube
- Citations need to include both the original author of the speech and the secondary source in which the speech was found (e.g. an edited anthology of speeches).
- Because the British Broadcasting Corporation is known in its abbreviated form, the 2nd citation onwards should be shortened to BBC (2020) or (BBC, 2020). See: in-text citation formats for more information.
- When quoting directly from a YouTube video, provide a time stamp.
- In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source (i.e. the YouTube video ) in which you found the citation.
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Definition of cite
transitive verb
Did you know?
Cite , Sight , and Site
As homophones —words that sound alike but are distinct— cite , sight , and site are easily confused, but they have different meanings, uses, and origins.
Cite is most often encountered in the sense of "to name in a citation "—that is, a line or short section taken from a piece of writing or a speech; it may also mean "to mention as an example" or "to order to appear in a court of law." Cite is from the Latin citare , "to rouse, call on, summon," source too of citation and recite .
Most of the senses of sight are concerned with seeing. A wonderful spectacle might be described as a sight , as might the general capacity to see anything ("my sight is not as good as it once was"). Sight is also used in a number of fixed phrases, such as "out of sight, out of mind," "sight unseen," and "set one's sights on." Sight comes from Old English gesiht , meaning "the faculty or act of sight, thing seen."
Site is most often concerned with location; it is related to situate , "to locate," and situation , "relative position or combination of circumstances at a particular moment." A building site is the place where a building is, or will be, located. In contemporary English, site is frequently used as a shortened form of website , to refer to the location of a group of web pages. Site comes from Latin situs , meaning "place, position, site."
Associating citation with cite , eyesight with sight , and situate with site may be helpful in applying these correctly.
summon , call , cite , convoke , convene , muster mean to demand the presence of.
summon implies the exercise of authority.
call may be used less formally for summon .
cite implies a summoning to court usually to answer a charge.
convoke implies a summons to assemble for deliberative or legislative purposes.
convene is somewhat less formal than convoke .
muster suggests a calling up of a number of things that form a group in order that they may be exhibited, displayed, or utilized as a whole.
Examples of cite in a Sentence
Word history.
Middle English, from Anglo-French citer to cite, summon, from Latin citare to put in motion, rouse, summon, from frequentative of ciēre to stir, move — more at -kinesis
15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1
Articles Related to cite
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Episode 72: Inside Our Citation Files
'Cite' vs. 'Site' vs. 'Sight'
Spotting the differences
Dictionary Entries Near cite
Cite this entry.
“Cite.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cite. Accessed 14 Nov. 2024.
Kids Definition
Kids definition of cite, legal definition, legal definition of cite.
Latin citare to rouse, call on, summon
More from Merriam-Webster on cite
Nglish: Translation of cite for Spanish Speakers
Britannica English: Translation of cite for Arabic Speakers
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