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What is Psychology: Science Or Art

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Published: Mar 18, 2021

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Is Psychology A Science Or An Art?

The debate over whether fields like psychology are scientific disciplines or artistic ones driven by human intuition speaks to our conceptions of knowledge itself. If you’re short on time, here’s a quick take: While parts of psychology rely on subjective skill and human insight, the field as a whole is firmly grounded in the scientific method, with rigorous research techniques aimed at obtaining objective knowledge.

In this comprehensive article, we’ll dive deep into the merits and flaws of characterizing psychology as a science versus an art. We’ll analyze the elements of psychology that demonstrate scientific rigor like controlled experiments and statistical analysis.

We’ll also consider the aspects of the field that depend more on human intuition, creativity, and interpretation. By evaluating both sides of the debate, we’ll gain a nuanced perspective on why psychology contains elements of both science and art, while still falling primarily on the side of science.

Defining Science Versus Art

When it comes to the field of psychology, there has been an ongoing debate about whether it should be considered a science or an art. To understand this debate, it is important to delve into the common conceptions and characteristics of both science and art.

Common Conceptions and Characteristics

Science is often associated with systematic observation, experimentation, and the use of empirical evidence to understand and explain phenomena. It is driven by the pursuit of knowledge, objectivity, and the ability to replicate findings.

In the realm of psychology, this means conducting rigorous experiments, collecting data, and analyzing results to draw conclusions about human behavior and mental processes.

Art, on the other hand, is often associated with creativity, expression, and subjective interpretation. It allows for individual perspective and personal experiences to shape the creation and appreciation of artwork.

In psychology, art can be seen as a way to explore and communicate emotions, thoughts, and experiences through various mediums such as painting, music, or writing.

While these definitions may seem distinct, it is important to note that there can be overlap between science and art. For example, both fields require curiosity, critical thinking, and the ability to communicate ideas effectively.

Additionally, psychologists may use artistic methods such as storytelling or role-playing in therapy sessions to help individuals express themselves and explore their inner worlds.

Subjectivity and Objectivity

One key point of contention in the debate is the level of subjectivity and objectivity involved in psychology. Science is often associated with objectivity, where facts and evidence drive the understanding of a phenomenon.

In this view, psychology would be considered a science as it relies on empirical data and follows systematic methods to study human behavior.

However, psychology also acknowledges the subjective nature of human experiences. Emotions, thoughts, and perceptions can vary greatly from person to person, making it challenging to apply purely objective measures.

This acknowledgment of subjectivity leads some to argue that psychology should be considered an art, as it involves interpretation and understanding of individual experiences.

Ultimately, whether psychology is perceived as a science or an art depends on one’s perspective and the specific area of study within psychology. Both approaches have their merits and play important roles in advancing our understanding of human behavior and mental processes.

For more information on this topic, you can visit Psychology Today or American Psychological Association .

Scientific Elements of Psychology

Controlled experiments.

One of the key scientific elements of psychology is the use of controlled experiments. In these experiments, researchers manipulate variables and measure their effects on behavior or mental processes. This allows them to establish cause-and-effect relationships and draw conclusions about how different factors influence human behavior.

For example, in a study on the effects of caffeine on attention, researchers may randomly assign participants to either a group that receives caffeine or a group that receives a placebo. By carefully controlling and manipulating the independent variable (caffeine), researchers can determine whether it has a significant impact on the dependent variable (attention).

Statistical Analysis

Another important scientific element of psychology is the use of statistical analysis. After collecting data, researchers use statistical techniques to analyze and interpret the results. This allows them to determine the likelihood that their findings are due to chance and make inferences about the population they are studying.

Statistical analysis helps psychologists identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. For example, researchers may use a t-test to compare the mean scores of two groups or conduct a correlation analysis to examine the relationship between two variables, such as stress and depression.

Biological and Neurological Foundations

Psychology also incorporates a scientific understanding of the biological and neurological foundations of behavior. This includes studying the structure and function of the brain, as well as how hormones, neurotransmitters, and genetics influence behavior.

Psychologists who specialize in biological psychology use techniques such as brain imaging (e.g., fMRI) to examine the neural correlates of different mental processes and behaviors. By understanding the biological underpinnings of behavior, psychologists can provide insights into disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and addiction.

It is important to note that while psychology incorporates scientific elements, it is not solely a science. Psychology also encompasses aspects of the humanities and social sciences, such as studying individual experiences, cultural influences, and societal factors that shape behavior and mental processes.

The integration of scientific methods with a holistic understanding of human behavior and cognition allows psychology to be both a science and an art.

Aspects of Psychology Requiring Artistic Skill

While psychology is often considered a science, there are certain aspects of the field that require artistic skill and creativity. These aspects involve the application of subjective experiences, the development of theories, and the practice of therapy and clinical work.

Therapy and Clinical Practice

One area of psychology that requires artistic skill is in therapy and clinical practice. Therapists and counselors often need to tap into their artistic abilities to create a safe and nurturing environment for their clients.

They may use various art forms such as painting, drawing, or music to help their clients express themselves when words are difficult to find. These creative techniques can be particularly helpful in working with individuals who have experienced trauma or struggle with verbal communication.

Interpreting Subjective Experiences

Another aspect of psychology where artistic skill comes into play is in interpreting subjective experiences. While psychology aims to understand human behavior through objective methods, there are times when subjective experiences need to be explored and understood.

This requires psychologists to go beyond the numbers and statistics and delve into the rich and complex world of human emotions, thoughts, and perceptions. Artists often have a unique ability to tap into these subjective experiences and bring them to life, allowing psychologists to gain a deeper understanding of their clients.

Creativity in Developing Theories

Psychology is also a field that requires creativity in developing theories. While scientific research and evidence-based practices form the foundation of psychological theories, there is still room for innovative and creative thinking.

Psychologists need to think outside the box and come up with new hypotheses and explanations for human behavior. This creative aspect of psychology allows for the exploration of new ideas and theories that can push the field forward.

Philosophical Debates on the Nature of Science

When discussing the nature of psychology, one question that often arises is whether psychology is considered a science or an art. This debate has been the subject of much philosophical discussion and has led to various theories and perspectives.

Social Constructivism and the Sociology of Science

One perspective that has influenced the debate is social constructivism, which suggests that scientific knowledge is not objective but rather socially constructed. According to this view, science is influenced by social, cultural, and historical factors.

This perspective argues that psychology, as a scientific discipline, is shaped by societal beliefs, values, and biases. It emphasizes the importance of considering the social context in which scientific knowledge is produced and interpreted.

Additionally, the sociology of science examines how scientific knowledge is created and validated within social communities. It explores the role of scientific institutions, peer review processes, and the influence of funding sources on the development of scientific knowledge.

This perspective highlights the social aspects of science and suggests that psychology, as a scientific discipline, is not immune to these sociological influences.

The Theory-Ladenness of Observation

Another perspective that contributes to the debate is the theory-ladenness of observation. This concept suggests that our observations are influenced by our pre-existing theories and beliefs. In other words, what we see and interpret is not purely objective but rather influenced by our own subjective understanding.

This perspective challenges the notion that science is purely objective and suggests that psychology, as a scientific discipline, is also subject to this inherent subjectivity.

For example, when psychologists observe and interpret behavior, they do so through the lens of their theoretical frameworks, which can shape their understanding and interpretation of the data. This recognition of the theory-ladenness of observation raises questions about the objectivity of psychological research and its classification as a science or an art.

Psychology’s Place in a Broader View of Science

When considering the debate on whether psychology is a science or an art, it is important to view psychology within the broader context of science. While some argue that psychology may have artistic elements, it is widely recognized as a scientific discipline.

Psychology employs scientific methods, including experimentation, observation, and statistical analysis, to uncover and understand human behavior and mental processes.

Psychology also contributes to the development of scientific knowledge through empirical research and the application of scientific principles. It follows rigorous methodologies and adheres to ethical standards, similar to other scientific disciplines.

Furthermore, psychology has made significant contributions to other branches of science, such as neuroscience and cognitive science.

Bridging the Science-Art Divide with Pragmatism

When it comes to psychology, the debate between whether it is a science or an art has been a long-standing one. However, a pragmatic approach can help bridge this divide by recognizing the value of both objective and subjective knowledge.

Valuing Both Objective and Subjective Knowledge

Psychology as a science relies on objective data, experimentation, and statistical analysis to understand human behavior and mental processes. Through rigorous research methods, psychologists aim to uncover universal principles that can be applied to a wide range of individuals.

This scientific approach provides valuable insights into the workings of the human mind and allows for evidence-based interventions.

On the other hand, psychology as an art recognizes the importance of subjective experiences, emotions, and individual perspectives. It acknowledges that each person is unique and that understanding their inner world requires a more personalized and empathetic approach.

This artistic aspect of psychology values the therapeutic relationship, creativity, and the ability to interpret and connect with individuals on a deep level.

Complementary Ways of Understanding Humans

By embracing both the scientific and artistic aspects of psychology, we gain a more comprehensive understanding of human behavior and mental processes. Science helps us identify patterns, establish cause-and-effect relationships, and develop evidence-based treatments.

Art, on the other hand, allows us to appreciate the complexity and intricacies of human experiences, emotions, and narratives.

Both science and art have their own strengths and limitations. While science provides us with objective data and generalizable findings, art allows for a more nuanced and contextual understanding of individuals.

By combining these approaches, psychologists can better tailor their interventions to meet the unique needs of each individual while still relying on evidence-based practices.

The Importance of Practical Applications

Ultimately, the goal of psychology is not only to understand human behavior and mental processes but also to improve the lives of individuals and society as a whole. The pragmatic approach acknowledges the importance of practical applications and the need to bridge the gap between theory and practice.

By incorporating scientific research and artistic insights into practical applications, psychologists can develop interventions that are both effective and meaningful. This integration allows for a holistic approach that considers the individual’s biological, psychological, and social factors, leading to better outcomes and greater overall well-being.

It is important to note that the debate between psychology as a science or an art is not a binary choice. Instead, it is a continuum where different approaches can coexist and complement each other. By embracing pragmatism, psychologists can harness the power of both science and art to enhance their understanding of human behavior and provide more effective interventions.

While parts of psychology rely heavily on clinical skill and human interpretation, the field as a whole is firmly grounded in scientific principles and methodologies aimed at generating objective knowledge.

However, even the hardest of sciences involve elements of subjective creativity and intuition in developing theories. Rather than strictly dichotomizing disciplines as either science or art, we can recognize that both rigorous research and human insight play important and complementary roles in building a comprehensive understanding of complex topics like human psychology.

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The Practice of Psychology: Art or Science?

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This article seeks to examine why the discipline of psychology is rejected by members of the scientific community; how political factors have contributed to the rift; what renowned academic institutions have to say as well as an interviewed expert.

The Modern Day Problem

In a Los Angeles Times article entitled "Stop Bullying the 'Soft' Sciences," Dr. Tim Wilson, professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, astutely delineates an interminable  controversy regarding the  categorization of psychology with respect to science. He writes,

" Once, during a meeting at my university, a biologist mentioned that he was the only faculty member present from a science department. When I corrected him, noting that I was from the Department of Psychology, he waved his hand dismissively, as if I were a Little Leaguer telling a member of the New York Yankees that I too played baseball ."

Wilson, author of 7 books including the latest; " Redirect: Changing the Stories We Live " continues;

" There has long been snobbery in the sciences, with the "hard" ones (physics, chemistry, biology) considering themselves to be more legitimate than the "soft" ones ( psychology, sociology). It is thus no surprise that many members of the general public feel the same way. But of late, skepticism about the rigors of social science has reached absurd heights. "

A Quick Rebuttal

Wilson's article was published on Thursday, July 12 th , 2012. The very next day; Friday, July 13 th , 2012; in an article also published by the L.A. Times, " Why Psychology Isn't Science ;"  Dr. Alex B. Berezow; founder and editor of RealClearScience.com and author of the book Science Left Behind ; launched a strategic counter-offensive. Editorial missiles defined the "scientific" stance;

"The dismissive attitude scientists have toward psychologists isn't rooted in snobbery; it's rooted in intellectual frustration. It's rooted in the failure of psychologists to acknowledge that they don't have the same claim on secular truth that the hard sciences do. It's rooted in the tired exasperation that scientists feel when non-scientists try to pretend they are scientists. That's right. Psychology isn't science."

The Argument Against Psychology as Science

Berezow's explanation for why he opines the discipline of psychology to not be  "scientifically rigorous" is 5-fold:

• Terminology fails to be "clearly defined"
• Issues with quantification
• Experimental conditions are not highly controlled
• Problems with reproducibility
• Predictability not present
• Testability questionable

He's willing to concede the entire field of psychology is not "wishy-washy by saying, "Some psychology research is far more scientifically rigorous. And the field often yields interesting and important insights."  But in the final "analysis," Berezow concludes, "But to claim psychology is 'science' is inaccurate. Actually, it's worse than that. It's an attempt to redefine science."

Political Factors

One event fueling the fires of debate was a 2012 provision presented by  Representative Jeff Flake (R-AZ) to the U.S. House of Representatives regarding funding for the National Science Foundation (NSF). Through the provision he authored, Flake was determined to ensure (in his words) " that the NSF does not waste taxpayer dollars on a meritless program." The "meritless program" to which Flake referred was that of political science. On May 12, 2012; Flake succeeded in his efforts to guarantee future funding for the NSF was predicated upon its "defunding" monies expended upon political science research.  On March 20, 2013 the Senate disallowed the grants as well.

For critics on both sides of the psychology debate, the apparent denunciation of political science as a "science" was a critical turning point. For many in the scientific camp, the decisions reached by the House and Senate heralded a brand of victory over the soft sciences. In their minds, it was only a matter of time before the disciplines included in the wider sense of social sciences were included. They were right. A June 10 th , 2015, article published by The Washington Post hosted the headline, "Why Congress Should Not Cut Funding to the Social Sciences."

Student Confusion

Given the history of the field's seeming "identity crisis;" students embarking on PhD's in Psychology in the year 2016 have good reasons for being confused. While reading headlines such as  that featured by the Washington Post, they are reading the literature colleges and universities publish regarding their psychology programs . For example, the language of UCLA's prestigious Psychology Graduate Program (PhD), weighs in heavily on the scientific side;

"Rigorous scientific training is the foundation of the UCLA Psychology Ph.D. program. As part of this training, the Department encourages student participation in the activities of a number of related departments, schools, or organized research units of the University. For instance, the Brain Research Institute, the interdisciplinary Neuroscience and Cognitive programs, the Institute for Social Science Research, and the Neuropsychiatric Institute provide extensive research facilities for interested students."

Many universities, including the University of South Florida follow suit. Their description of their program reads;

"Our program is firmly committed to training students to advance scientific knowledge and foster the application of scientifically validated procedures to human psychological problems. Adopting a clinical scientist model of training, students receive vigorous academic and research preparation."

A Clinical Psychology Expert's Opinion

We asked Dr. Farrell for her opinion on the following questions related to the query, "Is Psychology Art or Science?"

CIP: What would be your response to the question, "Is psychology more of a science or an intuitive art?"

PF: Psychology is a combination of science and art, just as medicine is; although most people think medicine is more science than art. Remember, it's called "the medical arts." We do have scientific experiments to support much of what we do in our practice and research is constantly refining and updating what we know. As psychologists, it is our professional responsibility to remain relevant and to keep abreast of the research. Failure to do this would be unprofessional.

CIP: Can you further elaborate?

PF : We begin with the science and then we must adapt whatever we do to the individual with whom we are working. This is where the art comes in because there is no rigid template for therapy because no two people are exactly alike and no DSM diagnosis fits everyone perfectly. The delicate balance needed is what makes our jobs both more difficult and more creative.

CIP: How would you characterize your practice? Is it fairly balanced?

PF: I am very cognizant of the current research and, in fact, use it to write self-help books. I am also aware that, as I said, I must be sensitive to the needs of the individual and it is always a "balancing act" where I am concerned.

CIP : Do you believe that once you have mastered psychology as a science, its practice then becomes art?

PF: No. There can never be a road away from the science that leads to a practice that is totally imbued with artful practice. Practicing therapy may help you to refine your techniques based on research/science, but you can never forget that the science is evolving and you MUST be up-to-date on research. This is where we find major problems with some psychologists who have become more art than science and have strayed into a more guru-like practice. It's not about us, but the patients and some psychologists have been seduced into thinking they are now the experts and the science is passe or wrong. The slope is slippery and we must always remain aware that we can easily slide down it.

Learn more about becoming a clinical psychologist .

• The field of psychology is subject to accusations by the scientific community that the discipline is not a science.
• Politicians have fueled and used the debate to achieve political objectives.
• World renowned educational institutions support the belief that psychology is a science as well as an art.
• Experts in the field of psychology utilize both approaches to the practice of psychology; much like practitioners of medicine.
• Ultimately, each student can take the evidence at hand and decide for themselves is they believe psychology is primarily an art, science or a bit of both.

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• Psychology: Art or Science?

Good clinicians not only have to stay abreast of the research, they have to bring some common sense and seasoned skepticism to their analysis of the research findings in order to incorporate only sound, reliable, and proven methods into the practice of their art.

The field of psychology encompasses a vast area of study and practice. And almost as long as the field has been around, there’s been some debate about whether it should be rightfully considered an art or a science.

The short answer to the question of whether psychology is an art or science is “yes.” In many ways, it is both. There are branches within psychology that are strictly devoted to the understanding the human mind and behavior through rigorous scientific experimentation. But the practice of psychology as a professional discipline is more than simply the mechanical implementation of proven scientific techniques. Rather, it requires the practitioner’s use of professional experience, manner of delivery, empathic intuition, and judgment. So, the professional practice of psychology is definitely an art.

Clinical psychologists have for some time adopted the model of “scientist-practitioner.” That means that not only do they draw upon the vast body of scientific knowledge available to them and “artfully” incorporate principles derived from that body of knowledge into their therapeutic encounters with their clients but, also they constantly look for and gather relevant data and test hypotheses in order to help increase the scientific knowledge base of the entire field.

Psychology’s base of scientific information is constantly changing and expanding. If you venture toward the shelves in a library that hold only the “abstracts” of psychology studies and experiments, you’re likely to be quite overwhelmed. The abstracts alone fill many volumes. Psychologists themselves are often overwhelmed not only keeping up with all the latest findings but also incorporating those findings into the “art” of their practice. The narrow focus of some of the research can easily make a person wonder what relevance it could possibly have to better understanding the human condition. Then there’s the issue of apparently conflicting findings. The result is that despite the plethora of scientific data, there is only a handful of reliable, relevant, information available to practitioners seeking to be optimally informed when they engage in their art.

These days, the scientific “purity” of much of the research undertaken throughout the various behavioral science fields is also much debated. The sophistication of our scientific methodology is unquestionable. However, the interpretation of results of our scientific investigations and the correct application of principles derived from them are often suspect. “Correlational” studies are very common these days. Such a study might take a look at different variables like the average cups of coffee a person drinks per day and the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease and through various statistical analyses find a surprising inverse “correlation” between coffee drinking and the disease. Of course, all students of statistics remember being taught that we can’t infer causality or directionality of association from correlational studies. But in fact that’s done throughout the field with surprising frequency. Then it takes future findings to debunk any of the unwarranted claims of the previous research. (Anyone remember all the magical claims for oat bran?) So, good clinicians not only have to stay abreast of the research, they have to bring some common sense and seasoned skepticism to their analysis of the research findings in order to incorporate only sound, reliable, and proven methods into the practice of their art.

Because I’m a natural skeptic, I’ve always incorporated a fair degree of hesitation and deliberateness into the art of my practice as a psychologist. I’m usually in no hurry to promote the latest craze in the field or to part company with a principle that my experience has taught me is of great value just because some new study strongly questions its validity. I’ve been around long enough now that I’ve seen many a fad come and go and prevailing beliefs change. The foremost guiding principle of my “art” of practice is to do no harm to those I’m treating and to do my best to ensure that the methods and techniques I do use truly have the potential to do some good. Some of my colleagues have sometimes given me the impression that they chose one of the mental health fields to escape the rigor and regimentation of the more “hard” sciences and to feel more free to do as they as they felt inclined as long as they “really cared about” their clients. But I feel an obligation to have reliable, effective tools at my disposal when a client is paying me hard-earned money for professional guidance as opposed to just chatting with a friend or venting in a support group. So, I’ve had to use both my experience and knowledge to help myself become a truly artful scientist. And I’m painfully aware that as a profession, psychologists don’t yet have all the tools they need to provide sufficient help to a great many individuals. Even though I’m a natural skeptic, I welcome the day that true advances in science will enable me to exercise my art with even greater effectiveness for all those who might seek my help and counsel.

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All clinical material on this site is peer reviewed by one or more clinical psychologists or other qualified mental health professionals. This specific article was originally published by Dr George Simon, PhD on July 23, 2009 and was last reviewed or updated by Dr Greg Mulhauser, Managing Editor on March 14, 2011 .

https://counsellingresource.com/features/2009/07/23/psychology-art-or-science/

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Is Psychology A Science Or Art

Table of Contents:

Is Psychology An Art Or Science Essay . Free Essay: So is psychology and art or a science? I believe that psychology is both science and art. It combines both of the crucial factors of art and…

I believe that psychology is both science and art. It combines both of the crucial factors of art and science, and that is what makes it so special. You may argue that psychologists learn so much of biology and its effects on humans such as hormones and the nervous system, which is why it should be considered as a part of science alone. You might also say that psychological is in a constant rate of change and nobody can be sure of anything, hence making it not concrete enough to be considered a science. But both of characteristics of arts and science relate highly to psychology.

Video advice: Is Psychology a science or art?｜心理学究竟是文科还是理科?｜全英中字

Hey, friends welcome back to my channel! Today we will cover 1. What is Psychology? 2. Is Psychology a science or art? 3. How does the course structure look like? Enjoy 🙂

Psychology: Art or Science?

Psychology Dept. Racial Equity and Inclusion Statement.

News & Events – The Department of Psychology offers a degree program leading to the bachelor of science in psychology. Psychology is the study of behavior, emotion, and thought using the scientific method. At the undergraduate level, the study of psychology is part of a liberal arts education. A major in psychology lays the groundwork for various careers and advanced studies, including the pursuit of graduate degrees needed for the professional practice of psychology.

What Is Psychology: Science Or Art: (Essay Example), 1125 words

What is psychology, what is science, is psychology considered science or art? We can easily answer the first two questions but to decide whether… read full (Essay Sample) for free.

What is psychology, what is science, is psychology considered science or art? We can easily answer the first two questions but to decide whether psychology is science or art has been a never-ending debate. Psychology has earned its place when Wilhelm Wundt set up the first lab that performed scientific data collection. Psychology is defined as the study of the human mind and behaviour. But whether it is considered scientifically studied or not is still an open debate till today. Science on the other hand is defined as knowledge which is obtained through empirical results. Therefore, a question like whether psychology theories are able to be studied objectively by empirical result or not is yet to have a definite answer. To defend my point of debate that psychology is considered fusion of science and art, I will start my analytical essay from both sides.

What is the Difference Between a BA vs. BS in Psychology

What’s the difference between a BA in Psychology and a BS in Psychology? Learn about a BA vs. a BS in Psychology to choose the degree that fits your goals.

Psychology is the study of the mind, a discipline that encompasses topics such as cognition, emotion, human development, and the biological and social aspects of behavior. If you’re interested in the field, you may want to pursue a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology or a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Psychology.

Video advice: Is psychology a science or art?

Is psychology a science or art?

Are you wondering which degree is right for you? Both degrees offer a comprehensive understanding of the field of psychology. To understand the differences between a BA and a BS in Psychology, you can start by examining each degree title. Although the specifics of coursework can vary by institution, the primary difference between a BA and a BS in Psychology is that a BA degree typically includes more liberal arts courses, while a BS degree tends to have greater math and science requirements.

Educational Psychology: Art or Science?

A basic human characteristic is the need to understand our world. Both art and science are attempts to understand and describe that world. Depending on whether we approach a subject as an art or science will impact the methods of study, expression, and application of our understanding.

Science is “the state of knowing…something that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge…knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method…a system or method reconciling practical ends with scientific laws” (Merriam-Webster, 2020b). Science is the process of acquiring understanding and discovering truths. The systematic study helps us acquire knowledge about our world.

Psychology Is a Science, Not an Opinion – The art of avoiding conjecture.

I constantly comment on assignments that one can’t agree or disagree with research findings. “I disagree with the findings, because…” No, the scientists found what they found. Those are the findings. And yet, every semester, students tell me they disagree that, for example, 200 out of 350 college students report that they secretly love country music. (OK, I completely made that one up. )

• Your Opinion Doesn’t Matter
• The Solution to Conjecture
• A Little Humility
• Science Isn’t Science Without Evidence

All clinical material on this site is peer reviewed by one or more clinical psychologists or other qualified mental health professionals. This specific article was originally published by Dr George Simon, PhD on July 23, 2009 and was last reviewed or updated by Dr Greg Mulhauser, Managing Editor on March 14, 2011.

Good clinicians not only have to stay abreast of the research, they have to bring some common sense and seasoned skepticism to their analysis of the research findings in order to incorporate only sound, reliable, and proven methods into the practice of their art. The field of psychology encompasses a vast area of study and practice. And almost as long as the field has been around, there’s been some debate about whether it should be rightfully considered an art or a science.

Video advice: The art of focus – a crucial ability

How do you bring out the best in yourself? According to Christina Bengtsson –\r

Why is psychology a science and not an art?

Psychology is a science. It is the scientific study of behavior . However, therapy is more like an art. Technically, it is a service, but it has aspects that are often strongly influenced by intuition.

Is psychology considered a science?

Psychology is commonly recognized as a social science , and is included on the National Science Foundation's roster of recognized STEM disciplines.

Is psychology included in Arts?

B.A Psychology is of Arts stream while B.Sc Psychology is of Science stream. BA psychology students can pursue careers like- law, social work, etc.; while B.Sc Psychology students can have careers in Biological Science, Research and can get hired in hospitals, clinics, business organizations.

Why is psychology a science or art?

The short answer to the question of whether psychology is an art or science is “ yes .” In many ways, it is both. There are branches within psychology that are strictly devoted to the understanding the human mind and behavior through rigorous scientific experimentation.

Why psychology is a science?

Psychology is a science because it follows the empirical method . The scientific status of any endeavor is determined by its method of investigation, not what it studies, or when the research was done, and certainly not by who did the investigation. All sciences use the empirical method.

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Is psychology an art or a science?

Is Psychology an Art or a Science?

The question of whether psychology is an art or a science has been debated among scholars and practitioners for centuries. While some argue that psychology is an art, others claim that it is a science. In this article, we will explore the arguments for both sides and examine the evidence to determine whether psychology is an art or a science.

Direct Answer:

Psychology is a science. Psychology is a systematic and empirical study of behavior and mental processes . It involves the use of scientific methods to study and understand human behavior, cognition, and emotions. Psychology is based on empirical evidence and relies on the scientific method to test hypotheses and theories. The scientific method involves formulating hypotheses, testing them through experimentation and observation, and drawing conclusions based on the results.

Arguments for Psychology being an Art:

Despite the scientific nature of psychology, some argue that it is an art. Here are some arguments for why psychology might be considered an art:

• Subjectivity : Psychology deals with human behavior and mental processes, which are inherently subjective. Human experiences and emotions are unique to each individual, making it difficult to quantify and measure. This subjectivity can lead to artistic interpretations and creative approaches to understanding human behavior.
• Creativity : Psychologists use creative techniques such as case studies, surveys, and interviews to gather data. These methods require a high degree of creativity and imagination to design and implement. Additionally, psychologists use their creativity to develop new theories and models to explain human behavior.
• Contextual Factors : Human behavior is influenced by a complex array of contextual factors, including culture, social norms, and personal experiences. These factors can be difficult to quantify and measure, making it challenging to develop a purely scientific approach to understanding human behavior.

Arguments for Psychology being a Science:

Despite the subjective and creative aspects of psychology, many argue that it is a science. Here are some arguments for why psychology is a science:

• Empirical Evidence : Psychology relies heavily on empirical evidence to test hypotheses and theories. Studies are designed to collect data, analyze it, and draw conclusions based on the results . This empirical approach ensures that psychology is grounded in evidence and not based on personal opinions or biases.
• Systematic Observation : Psychologists use systematic observation and measurement techniques to study human behavior. These techniques involve quantifying and recording data to ensure accuracy and reliability . This systematic approach allows psychologists to collect and analyze data in a consistent and objective manner.
• Theories and Models : Psychology is built on theories and models that are developed through scientific research. These theories and models are tested and refined through empirical evidence, and they provide a framework for understanding human behavior .

Comparison of Art and Science in Psychology:

To better understand the debate, let’s compare the characteristics of art and science in psychology:

Conclusion:

In conclusion, while psychology may involve subjective and creative elements, it is ultimately a science. Psychology is a systematic and empirical study of behavior and mental processes that relies on scientific methods to test hypotheses and theories . The empirical evidence, systematic observation, and theories and models developed through scientific research all support the conclusion that psychology is a science.

Limitations and Future Directions:

While psychology is a science, there are still limitations and challenges to be addressed. For example, the complexity of human behavior and the subjective nature of human experiences can make it difficult to develop a purely scientific approach. Additionally, the need for creativity and imagination in designing research studies and developing theories and models can lead to artistic interpretations and biases.

In the future, psychology will continue to evolve and adapt to new research methods and technologies. Advances in neuroscience, genomics, and artificial intelligence will provide new tools and techniques for studying human behavior and mental processes . As psychology continues to grow and develop, it is essential to maintain a balance between art and science, ensuring that the field remains grounded in empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks while also embracing creativity and innovation.

References:

• APA Dictionary of Psychology (2015)
• The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Neuroscience (2018)
• The Science of Psychology (2019)

This article is intended to provide a general overview of the debate and is not intended to be a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of the topic.

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The “Is Psychology a Science?” Debate

Reviewing the ways in which psychology is and is not a science..

Posted January 27, 2016 | Reviewed by Jessica Schrader

If one is a psychologist or even has a passing interest in the field, one has likely encountered the question about whether psychology is truly a science or not. The debate has been prominent since psychology’s inception in the second half of the 19th century, and is evident in comments like that by William James who referred to it as “that nasty little subject." Scholars of the field know this debate has continued on and off, right up through the present day. The debate flared in the blogosphere a couple of years ago, after an op-ed piece by a microbiologist in the LA Times declared definitively that psychology was not a science , followed by several pieces in Psychology Today and Scientific American declaring definitively that psychology is, in fact, a science. Just last month, a long time scholar of the field authored the paper, Why Psychology Cannot Be an Empirical Science , and once again the blogosphere was debating the issue .

So what is the right answer? Is psychology a science or not? The answer is that it is complicated and the reason is that both science and psychology are complex, multifaceted constructs. As such, binary, blanket “yes” or “no” answers to the question fail. The answer I offer is that yes, it is largely a science, but there are important ways that it fails to live up to this description. To get a handle on why this is the right answer, let’s start with the construct of science, because if we are going to talk about the ways in which psychology is or is not a science, we had better have an idea of what we mean by both of these confusing terms.

Defining Science and Its Key Elements

For clarity of communication, it is often a good idea to start with some basic definitions, so let’s start with some generally agreed-upon definitions of science from reputable organizations.

Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence .

Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge [based on] observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena .

These are solid definitions, but we need to flesh them out a bit. I consider science to be made up of four elements: 1) the scientific mindset; 2) the scientific method; 3) the knowledge system of science and 4) science as a rhetorical label. The first three are fairly straightforward and the fourth is particularly relevant for this debate and debates like it (i.e., involving what does or does not get classified as a science). These elements are crucial to understanding the ways in which psychology is and is not a science.

The first point to make is that the scientific mindset involves a set of assumptions about causality and complexity and how an observer can know things about the way the world works (technically, this is called a scientific epistemology). When one is thinking scientifically, one assumes that the natural world is a closed system that follows cause-effect processes that are lawful and discoverable (i.e., that there is no supernatural interference). The scientific mindset also includes the following characteristics: emphasis on empirical evidence (i.e., data collection) to develop explanations; attitudes of openness to possible (natural) explanations and a skepticism about tradition, revelation and authority; an emphasis on objectivity (i.e., independent from the bias of the observer); an emphasis on logical coherence; and the belief that humans can build systems of knowledge that do, in fact, correspond to the way the world actually works.

Another defining feather of science is its reliance on systematic methods of data collection and critical analyses of the ideas of science. These are the methods that students learn about when they are introduced to “doing science," and include elements such as systematic observation, measurement and quantification, data gathering, hypothesis testing, controlled experimentation (where possible), and theory construction.

Although the scientific method is often touted as the sin qua non of science, it is not. Indeed, if science were solely a method, then it would not be all that valuable, a point that is sometimes lost on empiricists enamored with the scientific method. Thus, it is crucial to keep in mind that the scientific method is not an end unto itself, but rather is a means to an end. The ultimate desired product of the method is a cumulative body of knowledge that offers an approximate description of how the world works. In concrete terms, this refers to the body of peer-reviewed journals, textbooks, and academic courses and domains of inquiry. Ideally, the body of knowledge will have a center that is consensually agreed upon (e.g., the Periodic Table in chemistry) and peripheral domains that represent the edges of scientific inquiry and where one will find much debate, innovation , and differences of the opinion.

A final element that is particularly relevant in this context is that the term science has much rhetorical value in our culture. If something falls under the heading “science” then it is justified in receiving respect in the knowledge that it offers. Indeed, it is the “justifiability” argument that is at play in many of the debates about whether psychology warrants the title. For example, Alex Bezerow’s op-ed piece on Why Psychology Isn’t a Science explicitly hits on this issue:

The dismissive attitude scientists have toward psychologists isn't rooted in snobbery; it's rooted in intellectual frustration. It's rooted in the failure of psychologists to acknowledge that they don't have the same claim on secular truth that the hard sciences do. It's rooted in the tired exasperation that scientists feel when non-scientists try to pretend they are scientists.

Thus for Bezerow, (real) scientists dismiss psychologists because they are rightfully defending their turf. In contrast, defenders of psychology as science have told haters to “shut up already” about psychology not being a science because, although messy, psychology clearly has the “chops” to warrant the term .

Defining Psychology as a Science

Let’s turn from defining science to defining psychology. In what follows, I will be referring to psychology as it is presented in the academy, such as in Psych 101 textbooks. I mention this because it is different than the psychology that many people have in mind when they hear the term, which is the professional they might go see to talk with about their personal problems (note, the profession and practice of psychology is a whole separate issue).

There can be little doubt that academic psychology values and aspires to be a science, views itself as a science and, in many ways, looks and acts like a science. For starters, virtually every definition of psychology from every major group of psychologists define the field as a science. In addition, academic psychologists have long adopted the scientific mindset when it comes to their subject matter and have long employed scientific methods. Indeed, the official birth of psychology (Wundt’s lab) was characterized by virtue of the fact that it employed the methods of science (i.e., systematic observation, measurement, hypothesis testing, etc.) to understanding human conscious experience. And to this day, training in academic psychology is largely defined by training in the scientific method, measurement and data gathering, research design, and advanced statistical techniques, such as structural equation modeling, meta-analyses, and hierarchical linear regression . Individuals get their PhD in academic psychology by conducting systematic research and, if they want a career in the academy, they need to publish in peer reviewed journals and often need to have a program of (fundable) research. To see how much the identity of a scientist is emphasized, consider that a major psychological organization (APS) profiles its members, ending with the catch phrase “and I am a psychological scientist !” Indeed, mainstream academic psychologists are so focused on empirical data collection and research methods that I have accused them of being “methodological fundamentalists,” meaning that they often act as if the only questions that are worthy of attention in the field are reducible to empirical methods.

In sum, academic psychology looks like a scientific discipline and it has a home in the academy largely as a science, and psychologists very much behave like scientists and employ the scientific method to answer their questions. So, at this level, it seems like a pretty closed case. If something looks like a science and acts like a science, then it likely should be considered a science. But we are not quite done with the debate because the question remains: If all these things are true, then what is the problem? Why are there still so many skeptics? And why has psychology had such a long period of critics both inside and outside the discipline claiming that there is a “crisis” at the core of our field?

How Psychology Fails as a Science

From where I sit, the reasons for the skepticism are very clear. And it is NOT found in the methods nor the mindsets of psychologists, both of which are “scientific.” Nor is the primary problem found in the fact that what psychologists study can be very difficult to measure, nor is it because people are too complicated, nor because humans make choices, nor because it involves consciousness. Nor is it because psychology is a young science (note that this is a myth—there are many ‘real’ sciences that are much younger than psychology). These are all red herrings to the “Is psychology a science?” debate.

The reason many are rightfully skeptical about its status is found in the body of scientific knowledge—psychology has failed to produce a cumulative body of knowledge that has a clear conceptual core that is consensually agreed upon by mainstream psychological experts. The great scholar of the field, Paul Meehl, captured this perfectly when he proclaimed that the sad fact that in psychology:

theories rise and decline, come and go, more as a function of baffled boredom than anything else; and the enterprise shows a disturbing absence of that cumulative character that is so impressive in disciplines like astronomy, molecular biology and genetics .

Another great scholar of the field, Kenneth Gergen, likened acquiring psychological knowledge to building castles in the sand; the information gained from our methods might be impressive, but it is temporary, contextual, and socially dependent, and will be washed away when new cultural tides come in. Even mainstream icons, like Daniel Gilbert, readily acknowledge the cumulative knowledge problem. In this clip, he comments that one of psychology's big problems is that new paradigms simply “throw the babies out with the bathwater” and he wonders whether psychology as we know it will even be around in 10 or 15 years.

In technical terms, I am claiming that the core problem with the field is that it is “pre-paradigmatic," which means that psychology completely lacks agreement from the experts about what it is and what it is about, what its foundational theories or even frameworks are, what its key findings are, and how it fits with the rest of the body of scientific knowledge. The fact that psychology has been around now for almost 150 years and remains pre-paradigmatic is undeniably a very serious threat to the field's status as a real science.

To understand what paradigmatic science looks like, study Isaac Newton. Newton created a paradigm for understanding matter in motion that stands as a pinnacle of real scientific achievement. He mapped the behavior of objects in motion onto a new mathematics (calculus). Of course, those who know science know that Newton’s ideas were overturned at the beginning of the 20th Century, and his single paradigm was replaced by two paradigms, quantum mechanics and general relativity. But physics remains paradigmatic in the sense that these two paradigms are pillars that mainstream physicists agree on as providing us knowledge about how the world actually works. Likewise, chemistry is paradigmatic in that it has the Periodic Table and the laws of molecular forces to describe how matter changes chemically. Biology has cell theory, natural selection, and genetics, which together give it a foundational paradigm to describe living matter. Moreover, these broad domains of inquiry create a broad consilient (i.e., coherent) network of explanation that gives us knowledge of energy, matter, and life that is clearly worthy of the term "scientific."

Now, let’s shift and focus on psychology. In deep contrast to the broad disciplines of physics, chemistry and biology, psychology has no consensually agreed upon definition. Its most common definition, ‘the science of mind and behavior’ carries with it a deep dualism that is fundamentally unresolved by the competing paradigms of behaviorism and cognitivism (among others). Likewise, the field of psychology is completely unclear as to whether it deals in animals in general, with some animals (e.g., social mammals) in particular, or with humans only. Pick up any textbook or skim any basic intro to the field and what you get is a summary of major, competing, incommensurate models/paradigms that spell out a mushy territory between biology and human society. In addition, the start of the field begins with a review of major approaches that all have merit, such as behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, psychoanalysis , evolutionary and cultural approaches (not to mention purely physiological or nonwestern approaches), all of which are different and competing angles on the subject matter, however that is defined.

When this paradigmatic mess is then combined with other problems people point out, such as how complicated animals/humans are, the problems of consciousness, the problems of human science that blend objective and subjective, the problems of the role of science in culture (and on and on), the confusion becomes overwhelming.

But we are not quite done because the problems of consensual knowledge grow ever deeper when we consider how psychology is currently structured. The combination of: (a) psychology being separated from philosophy by its scientific methods; (b) the failure of the major historical paradigms to achieve consensual clarity; and (c) the fact that many psychologists anxiously try to defend against claim they are not a real science by doubling down on data collection has given rise to a massive empiricism within psychology. That is, mainstream psychologists are almost obsessed with data and data collection. With few exceptions, for a psychologist to make a name for herself, she needs a program of research, a method of data collection, a way of scientifically cutting through folk understanding via operationalization, measurement and data analysis to achieve evidence for one’s perspective.

Why is this a problem? Because the mainstream is confused about where exactly the deep scientific problem within the field lies. To understand where the problem is, it is helpful to reference the well-known DIKW knowledge hierarchy, which shows that data and information are the base levels, which are then organized into knowledge systems (and, hopefully, ultimately wisdom ).

What mainstream psychologists generally fail to realize is that the fundamental problem of psychology exists at the level of Knowledge and Wisdom, NOT at the levels of data and information. Unfortunately, the reward structures and existing justification systems are all about data gathering and information (i.e., the never-ending call for more research). Unfortunately, religiously following the scientific method per se does not yield knowledge. It only yields data and information. From the vantage point offered here, there is no shortage of data and information—we already have an abundance of data and information. And certainly, no study is going to resolve the problems. Instead, the problems exist and have existed for more than a century at the level of knowledge—we can't even define what our field is about. Thus, the reason psychology fails to be a science is because it fails as a coherent system of knowledge that maps the relevant portion of the world. To see this obvious fact, ask 10 different psychologists the portion of the world they are trying to map when they use the term psychology and you will get 10 different answers. If you can’t even define the territory, you can’t develop consensual knowledge about it.

The Bottom Line

Is psychology a science? Yes, in the sense that psychology was defined by the application of scientific method(s) and psychologists conduct valuable research and have developed some key insights into animal behavior , cognition , consciousness, and the human condition. But a key feature of real scientific knowledge is that there is a clear, consensual center that provides a foothold to describe how (portions of) the world actually work. And it is here that psychology falls down in ways that physics, chemistry and biology do not. And it is in that sense that psychology is not a real science.

Gregg Henriques, Ph.D. , is a professor of psychology at James Madison University.

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