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Java Tutorial

  • What is Java
  • History of Java
  • Features of Java
  • C++ vs Java
  • Hello Java Program
  • Program Internal
  • How to set path?
  • JDK, JRE and JVM
  • JVM: Java Virtual Machine
  • Java Variables
  • Java Data Types
  • Unicode System

Control Statements

  • Java Control Statements
  • Java If-else
  • Java Switch
  • Java For Loop
  • Java While Loop
  • Java Do While Loop
  • Java Continue
  • Java Comments

Java Programs

Java object class.

  • Java OOPs Concepts
  • Naming Convention
  • Object and Class
  • Constructor
  • static keyword
  • this keyword

Java Inheritance

  • Inheritance(IS-A)
  • Aggregation(HAS-A)

Java Polymorphism

  • Method Overloading
  • Method Overriding
  • Covariant Return Type
  • super keyword
  • Instance Initializer block
  • final keyword
  • Runtime Polymorphism
  • Dynamic Binding
  • instanceof operator

Java Abstraction

  • Abstract class
  • Abstract vs Interface

Java Encapsulation

  • Access Modifiers
  • Encapsulation

Java OOPs Misc

  • Object class
  • Object Cloning
  • Wrapper Class
  • Java Recursion
  • Call By Value
  • strictfp keyword
  • javadoc tool
  • Command Line Arg
  • Object vs Class
  • Overloading vs Overriding

Java String

  • What is String
  • Immutable String
  • String Comparison
  • String Concatenation
  • Methods of String class
  • StringBuffer class
  • StringBuilder class
  • String vs StringBuffer
  • StringBuffer vs Builder
  • Creating Immutable class
  • toString method
  • StringTokenizer class
  • Java String FAQs

Java String Methods

  • String charAt()
  • String compareTo()
  • String concat()
  • String contains()
  • String endsWith()
  • String equals()
  • equalsIgnoreCase()
  • String format()
  • String getBytes()
  • String getChars()
  • String indexOf()
  • String intern()
  • String isEmpty()
  • String join()
  • String lastIndexOf()
  • String length()
  • String replace()
  • String replaceAll()
  • String split()
  • String startsWith()
  • String substring()
  • String toCharArray()
  • String toLowerCase()
  • String toUpperCase()
  • String trim()

Exception Handling

  • Java Exceptions
  • Java Try-catch block
  • Java Multiple Catch Block
  • Java Nested try
  • Java Finally Block
  • Java Throw Keyword
  • Java Exception Propagation
  • Java Throws Keyword
  • Java Throw vs Throws
  • Final vs Finally vs Finalize
  • Exception Handling with Method Overriding
  • Java Custom Exceptions

Java Inner Class

  • What is inner class
  • Member Inner class
  • Anonymous Inner class
  • Local Inner class
  • static nested class
  • Nested Interface

Java Multithreading

  • What is Multithreading
  • Life Cycle of a Thread
  • How to Create Thread
  • Thread Scheduler
  • Sleeping a thread
  • Start a thread twice
  • Calling run() method
  • Joining a thread
  • Naming a thread
  • Thread Priority
  • Daemon Thread
  • Thread Pool
  • Thread Group
  • ShutdownHook
  • Performing multiple task
  • Garbage Collection
  • Runtime class

Java Synchronization

  • Synchronization in java
  • synchronized block
  • static synchronization
  • Deadlock in Java
  • Inter-thread Comm
  • Interrupting Thread
  • Reentrant Monitor

Java Networking

  • Networking Concepts
  • Socket Programming
  • URLConnection class
  • HttpURLConnection
  • InetAddress class

Java Applet

  • Applet Basics
  • Graphics in Applet
  • Displaying image in Applet
  • Animation in Applet
  • EventHandling in Applet
  • JApplet class
  • Painting in Applet
  • Digital Clock in Applet
  • Analog Clock in Applet
  • Parameter in Applet
  • Applet Communication

Java Reflection

  • Reflection API
  • newInstance() method
  • creating javap tool
  • creating appletviewer
  • Call private method

Java Conversion

  • Java String to int
  • Java int to String
  • Java String to long
  • Java long to String
  • Java String to float
  • Java float to String
  • Java String to double
  • Java double to String
  • Java String to Date
  • Java Date to String
  • Java String to char
  • Java char to String
  • Java String to Object
  • Java Object to String
  • Java int to long
  • Java long to int
  • Java int to double
  • Java double to int
  • Java char to int
  • Java int to char
  • Java String to boolean
  • Java boolean to String
  • Date to Timestamp
  • Timestamp to Date
  • Binary to Decimal
  • Decimal to Binary
  • Hex to Decimal
  • Decimal to Hex
  • Octal to Decimal
  • Decimal to Octal
  • JDBC Introduction
  • JDBC Driver
  • DB Connectivity Steps
  • Connectivity with Oracle
  • Connectivity with MySQL
  • Access without DSN
  • DriverManager
  • PreparedStatement
  • ResultSetMetaData
  • DatabaseMetaData
  • Store image
  • Retrieve image
  • Retrieve file
  • CallableStatement
  • Transaction Management
  • Batch Processing
  • RowSet Interface
  • Internationalization
  • ResourceBundle class
  • I18N with Date
  • I18N with Time
  • I18N with Number
  • I18N with Currency
  • Java Array Class
  • getBoolean()
  • getDouble()
  • getLength()
  • newInstance()
  • setBoolean()
  • setDouble()
  • Java AtomicInteger Class
  • addAndGet(int delta)
  • compareAndSet(int expect, int update)
  • decrementAndGet()
  • doubleValue()
  • floatValue()
  • getAndAdd()
  • getAndDecrement()
  • getAndSet()
  • incrementAndGet()
  • getAndIncrement()
  • lazySet(int newValue)
  • longValue()
  • set(int newValue)
  • weakCompareAndSet(int expect,int newValue)
  • Java AtomicLong Methods
  • addAndGet()
  • compareAndSet()
  • weakCompareAndSet()
  • Java Authenticator
  • getPasswordAuthentication()
  • getRequestingHost()
  • getRequestingPort()
  • getRequestingPrompt()
  • getRequestingProtocol()
  • getRequestingScheme()
  • getRequestingSite()
  • getRequestingURL()
  • getRequestorType()
  • setDefault()
  • Java BigDecimal class
  • intValueExact()
  • movePointLeft()
  • movePointRight()
  • Big Integer Class
  • bitLength()
  • compareTo()
  • divideAndRemainder()
  • getLowestSetBit()
  • isProbablePrime()
  • modInverse()
  • nextProbablePrime()
  • probablePrime()
  • shiftLeft()
  • shiftRight()
  • toByteArray()
  • Java Boolean class
  • booleanValue()
  • logicalAnd()
  • logicalOr()
  • logicalXor()
  • parseBoolean()

Java Byte Class

  • byteValue()
  • compareUnsigned()
  • parseByte()
  • shortValue()
  • toUnsignedInt()
  • toUnsignedLong()
  • asSubclass()
  • desiredAssertionStatus()
  • getAnnotatedInterfaces()
  • getAnnotatedSuperclass()
  • getAnnotation()
  • getAnnotationsByType()
  • getAnnotations()
  • getCanonicalName()
  • getClasses()
  • getClassLoader()
  • getComponentType
  • getConstructor()
  • getConstructors()
  • getDeclaredAnnotation()
  • getDeclaredAnnotationsByType()
  • getDeclaredAnnotations()
  • getDeclaredConstructor()
  • getDeclaredConstructors()
  • getDeclaredField()
  • getDeclaredFields()
  • getDeclaredMethod()
  • getDeclaredMethods()
  • getDeclaringClass()
  • getFields()
  • getGenericInterfaces()
  • getGenericSuperClass()
  • getInterfaces()
  • getMethod()
  • getMethods()
  • getModifiers()
  • getPackage()
  • getPackageName()
  • getProtectionDomain()
  • getResource()
  • getSigners()
  • getSimpleName()
  • getSuperClass()
  • isAnnotation()
  • isAnnotationPresent()
  • isAnonymousClass()
  • isInstance()
  • isInterface()
  • isPrimitive()
  • isSynthetic()
  • Java Collections class
  • asLifoQueue()
  • binarySearch()
  • checkedCollection()
  • checkedList()
  • checkedMap()
  • checkedNavigableMap()
  • checkedNavigableSet()
  • checkedQueue()
  • checkedSet()
  • checkedSortedMap()
  • checkedSortedSet()
  • emptyEnumeration()
  • emptyIterator()
  • emptyList()
  • emptyListIterator()
  • emptyNavigableMap()
  • emptyNavigableSet()
  • emptySortedMap()
  • emptySortedSet()
  • enumeration()
  • frequency()
  • indexOfSubList()
  • lastIndexOfSubList()
  • newSetFromMap()
  • replaceAll()
  • reverseOrder()
  • singleton()
  • singletonList()
  • singletonMap()
  • synchronizedCollection()
  • synchronizedList()
  • synchronizedMap()
  • synchronizedNavigableMap()
  • synchronizedNavigableSet()
  • synchronizedSet()
  • synchronizedSortedMap()
  • synchronizedSortedSet()
  • unmodifiableCollection()
  • unmodifiableList()
  • unmodifiableMap()
  • unmodifiableNavigableMap()
  • unmodifiableNavigableSet()
  • unmodifiableSet()
  • unmodifiableSortedMap()
  • unmodifiableSortedSet()

Java Compiler Class

  • Java Compiler
  • compileClass()
  • compileClasses()

CopyOnWriteArrayList

  • Java CopyOnWriteArrayList
  • lastIndexOf()

Java Math Methods

  • Math.round()
  • Math.sqrt()
  • Math.cbrt()
  • Math.signum()
  • Math.ceil()
  • Math.copySign()
  • Math.nextAfter()
  • Math.nextUp()
  • Math.nextDown()
  • Math.floor()
  • Math.floorDiv()
  • Math.random()
  • Math.rint()
  • Math.hypot()
  • Math.getExponent()
  • Math.IEEEremainder()
  • Math.addExact()
  • Math.subtractExact()
  • Math.multiplyExact()
  • Math.incrementExact()
  • Math.decrementExact()
  • Math.negateExact()
  • Math.toIntExact()
  • Math.log10()
  • Math.log1p()
  • Math.expm1()
  • Math.asin()
  • Math.acos()
  • Math.atan()
  • Math.sinh()
  • Math.cosh()
  • Math.tanh()
  • Math.toDegrees
  • Math.toRadians

LinkedBlockingDeque

  • Java LinkedBlockingDeque
  • descendingIterator()
  • offerFirst()
  • offerLast()
  • peekFirst()
  • pollFirst()
  • Java Long class

LinkedTransferQueue

  • Java LinkedTransferQueue
  • spliterator()
  • Difference between Array and ArrayList
  • When to use ArrayList and LinkedList in Java
  • Difference between ArrayList and Vector
  • How to Compare Two ArrayList in Java
  • How to reverse ArrayList in Java
  • How to make ArrayList Read Only
  • Difference between length of array and size() of ArrayList in Java
  • How to Synchronize ArrayList in Java
  • How to convert ArrayList to Array and Array to ArrayList in java
  • Array vs ArrayList in Java
  • How to Sort Java ArrayList in Descending Order
  • How to remove duplicates from ArrayList in Java
  • Java MulticastSocket
  • getInterface()
  • getLoopbackMode()
  • getNetworkInterface()
  • getTimeToLive()
  • joinGroup()
  • leaveGroup()
  • setInterface()
  • setLoopbackMode()
  • setNetworkInterface()
  • setTimeToLive()
  • Java Number Class

Java Phaser Class

  • Java Phaser
  • arriveAndAwaitAdvance()
  • arriveAndDeregister()
  • getParent()
  • awaitAdvanceInterruptibly()
  • awaitAdvance()
  • bulkRegister()
  • forceTermination()
  • getArrivedParties()
  • getRegisteredParties()
  • getUnarrivedParties()
  • isTerminated()

ArrayList Methods

  • listIterator()
  • removeRange

Java Thread Methods

  • currentThread()
  • getPriority()
  • setPriority()
  • setDaemon()
  • interrupt()
  • isinterrupted()
  • interrupted()
  • activeCount()
  • checkAccess()
  • dumpStack()
  • getStackTrace()
  • enumerate()
  • getThreadGroup()
  • notifyAll()
  • setContextClassLoader()
  • getContextClassLoader()
  • getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler()
  • setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler()

Java Projects

  • Free Java Projects
  • Payment Bill(JSP)
  • Transport (JSP)
  • Connect Globe (JSP)
  • Online Banking (JSP)
  • Online Quiz (JSP)
  • Classified (JSP)
  • Mailcasting (JSP)
  • Online Library (JSP)
  • Pharmacy (JSP)
  • Mailer (Servlet)
  • Baby Care (Servlet)
  • Chat Server (Core)
  • Library (Core)
  • Exam System (Core)
  • Java Apps (Core)
  • Fee Report (Core)
  • Fee (Servlet)
  • eLibrary (Servlet)
  • Fire Detection
  • Attendance System
  • Fibonacci Series in Java
  • Prime Number Program in Java
  • Palindrome Program in Java
  • Factorial Program in Java
  • Armstrong Number in Java
  • How to Generate Random Number in Java
  • How to Print Pattern in Java
  • How to Compare Two Objects in Java
  • How to Create Object in Java
  • How to Print ASCII Value in Java
  • How to Reverse a Number in Java
  • Java Program to convert Number to Word
  • Automorphic Number Program in Java
  • Peterson Number in Java
  • Sunny Number in Java
  • Tech Number in Java
  • Fascinating Number in Java
  • Keith Number in Java
  • Neon Number in Java
  • Spy Number in Java
  • ATM program Java
  • Autobiographical Number in Java
  • Emirp Number in Java
  • Sphenic Number in Java
  • Buzz Number Java
  • Duck Number Java
  • Evil Number Java
  • ISBN Number Java
  • Krishnamurthy Number Java
  • Bouncy Number in Java
  • Mystery Number in Java
  • Smith Number in Java
  • Strontio Number in Java
  • Xylem and Phloem Number in Java
  • nth Prime Number Java
  • Java Program to Display Alternate Prime Numbers
  • Java Program to Find Square Root of a Number Without sqrt Method
  • Java Program to Swap Two Numbers Using Bitwise Operator
  • Java Program to Find GCD of Two Numbers
  • Java Program to Find Largest of Three Numbers
  • Java Program to Find Smallest of Three Numbers Using Ternary Operator
  • Java Program to Check if a Number is Positive or Negative
  • Java Program to Check if a Given Number is Perfect Square
  • Java Program to Display Even Numbers From 1 to 100
  • Java Program to Display Odd Numbers From 1 to 100
  • Java Program to Find Sum of Natural Numbers
  • Java Program to copy all elements of one array into another array
  • Java Program to find the frequency of each element in the array
  • Java Program to left rotate the elements of an array
  • Java Program to print the duplicate elements of an array
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array in reverse order
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array present on even position
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array present on odd position
  • Java Program to print the largest element in an array
  • Java Program to print the smallest element in an array
  • Java Program to print the number of elements present in an array
  • Java Program to print the sum of all the items of the array
  • Java Program to right rotate the elements of an array
  • Java Program to sort the elements of an array in ascending order
  • Java Program to sort the elements of an array in descending order
  • Java Program to Find 3rd Largest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find 2nd Largest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find Largest Number in an array
  • Java to Program Find 2nd Smallest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find Smallest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Remove Duplicate Element in an array
  • Java Program to Print Odd and Even Numbers from an array
  • How to Sort an Array in Java
  • Java Matrix Programs
  • Java Program to Add Two Matrices
  • Java Program to Multiply Two Matrices
  • Java Program to subtract the two matrices
  • Java Program to determine whether two matrices are equal
  • Java Program to display the lower triangular matrix
  • Java Program to display the upper triangular matrix
  • Java Program to find the frequency of odd & even numbers in the given matrix
  • Java Program to find the product of two matrices
  • Java Program to find the sum of each row and each column of a matrix
  • Java Program to find the transpose of a given matrix
  • Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is an identity matrix
  • Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is a sparse matrix
  • Java Program to Transpose matrix
  • Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string
  • Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string 2
  • Java Program to count the total number of punctuation characters exists in a String
  • Java Program to count the total number of vowels and consonants in a string
  • Java Program to determine whether two strings are the anagram
  • Java Program to divide a string in 'N' equal parts.
  • Java Program to find all subsets of a string
  • Java Program to find the longest repeating sequence in a string
  • Java Program to find all the permutations of a string
  • Java Program to remove all the white spaces from a string
  • Java Program to replace lower-case characters with upper-case and vice-versa
  • Java Program to replace the spaces of a string with a specific character
  • Java Program to determine whether a given string is palindrome
  • Java Program to determine whether one string is a rotation of another
  • Java Program to find maximum and minimum occurring character in a string
  • Java Program to find Reverse of the string
  • Java program to find the duplicate characters in a string
  • Java program to find the duplicate words in a string
  • Java Program to find the frequency of characters
  • Java Program to find the largest and smallest word in a string
  • Java Program to find the most repeated word in a text file
  • Java Program to find the number of the words in the given text file
  • Java Program to separate the Individual Characters from a String
  • Java Program to swap two string variables without using third or temp variable.
  • Java Program to print smallest and biggest possible palindrome word in a given string
  • Reverse String in Java Word by Word
  • Reserve String without reverse() function
  • Linear Search in Java
  • Binary Search in Java
  • Bubble Sort in Java
  • Selection Sort in Java
  • Insertion Sort in Java
  • How to convert String to int in Java
  • How to convert int to String in Java
  • How to convert String to long in Java
  • How to convert long to String in Java
  • How to convert String to float in Java
  • How to convert float to String in Java
  • How to convert String to double in Java
  • How to convert double to String in Java
  • How to convert String to Date in Java
  • How to convert Date to String in Java
  • How to convert String to char in Java
  • How to convert char to String in Java
  • How to convert String to Object in Java
  • How to convert Object to String in Java
  • How to convert int to long in Java
  • How to convert long to int in Java
  • How to convert int to double in Java
  • How to convert double to int in Java
  • How to convert char to int in Java
  • How to convert int to char in Java
  • How to convert String to boolean in Java
  • How to convert boolean to String in Java
  • How to convert Date to Timestamp in Java
  • How to convert Timestamp to Date in Java
  • How to convert Binary to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Binary in Java
  • How to convert Hex to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Hex in Java
  • How to convert Octal to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Octal in Java
  • Java program to print the following spiral pattern on the console
  • Java program to print the following pattern
  • Java program to print the following pattern 2
  • Java program to print the following pattern 3
  • Java program to print the following pattern 4
  • Java program to print the following pattern 5
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 2
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 3
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 4
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 5
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 6
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 7
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 8
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 9
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 10
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 11
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 12
  • Singly linked list Examples in Java
  • Java Program to create and display a singly linked list
  • Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the singly linked list
  • Java program to delete a node from the middle of the singly linked list
  • Java program to delete a node from the end of the singly linked list
  • Java program to determine whether a singly linked list is the palindrome
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a linked list
  • Java Program to insert a new node at the middle of the singly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the singly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the singly linked list
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a singly linked list
  • Java Program to search an element in a singly linked list
  • Java program to create and display a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to create a Circular Linked List of N nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a Circular Linked List of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to delete a node from the end of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to delete a node from the middle of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a circular linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to search an element in a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to sort the elements of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to convert a given binary tree to doubly linked list
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list from a ternary tree
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to create and display a doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the beginning of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the end of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the middle of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a doubly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Doubly Linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to rotate doubly linked list by N nodes
  • Java program to search an element in a doubly linked list
  • Java program to sort the elements of the doubly linked list
  • Java Program to calculate the Difference between the Sum of the Odd Level and the Even Level Nodes of a Binary Tree
  • Java program to construct a Binary Search Tree and perform deletion and In-order traversal
  • Java program to convert Binary Tree to Binary Search Tree
  • Java program to determine whether all leaves are at same level
  • Java program to determine whether two trees are identical
  • Java program to find maximum width of a binary tree
  • Java program to find the largest element in a Binary Tree
  • Java program to find the maximum depth or height of a tree
  • Java program to find the nodes which are at the maximum distance in a Binary Tree
  • Java program to find the smallest element in a tree
  • Java program to find the sum of all the nodes of a binary tree
  • Java program to find the total number of possible Binary Search Trees with N keys
  • Java program to implement Binary Tree using the Linked List
  • Java program to search a node in a Binary Tree
  • Java Main Method
  • System.out.println()
  • Java Memory Management
  • Java ClassLoader
  • Java Decompiler
  • Java vs. JavaScript
  • Java vs. Kotlin
  • Java vs. Python
  • Java Absolute Value
  • How to Create File
  • Delete a File in Java
  • Open a File in Java
  • Sort a List in Java
  • Convert byte Array to String
  • Java Basics
  • How to Compile & Run Java Program
  • How to Run Java Program in Eclipse
  • How to Verify Java Version
  • Ways to Create an Object in Java
  • How to Run a Java program in Windows 10
  • Runnable Interface in Java
  • Java Keystore
  • Get input from user in Java
  • Read file line by line in Java
  • Take String input in Java
  • How to Read Excel File in Java
  • Read XML File in Java
  • CompletableFuture in Java
  • Java ExecutorService
  • How to iterate Map in Java
  • How to Return an Array in Java
  • How to Sort HashMap by Value
  • How to Sort HashMap in Java
  • Load Factor in HashMap
  • Array vs ArrayList
  • HashMap vs TreeMap
  • HashSet vs HashMap class
  • Compare Two ArrayList in Java
  • Merge Two Arrays in Java
  • Print Array in Java
  • Read CSV File in Java
  • Remove Special Characters from String
  • ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
  • ConcurrentModificationException
  • NoSuchElementException
  • NumberFormatException
  • How to Sort ArrayList in Java
  • How to Download Java
  • How to Call a Method in Java
  • How to Create Singleton Class in Java
  • How to Find Array Length in Java
  • How to Read Character in Java
  • Can We Overload main() Method in Java
  • How to Convert Char Array to String in Java
  • How to Run Java Program in CMD Using Notepad
  • How to Sort String Array in Java
  • How to Compare Dates in Java
  • How to Take Multiple String Input in Java Using Scanner
  • How to Remove Last Character from String in Java
  • How TreeMap Works Internally in Java
  • Java Program to Break Integer into Digits
  • Java Program to Calculate Area and Circumference of Circle
  • What is Diamond Problem in Java
  • Java Program to Read Number from Standard Input
  • How to Download Minecraft Java Edition
  • Can We Override Static Method in Java
  • How to Avoid Deadlock in Java
  • How to Achieve Abstraction in Java
  • How Garbage Collection Works in Java
  • How to Take Array Input in Java
  • How to Create Array of Objects in Java
  • How to Create Package in Java
  • How to Print in Java
  • What is Framework in Java
  • Why Java is Secure
  • How to Iterate List in Java
  • How to Use Eclipse for Java
  • Which Package is Imported by Default in Java
  • Could Not Find or Load Main Class in Java
  • How to Compare Two Arrays in Java
  • How to Convert String to JSON Object in Java
  • Which is Better Java or Python
  • How to Update Java
  • How to Get Value from JSON Object in Java Example
  • How to Split a String in Java with Delimiter
  • Structure of Java Program
  • Why We Use Constructor in Java
  • Java Create Excel File
  • Java Interpreter
  • javac is not Recognized
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  • How to Reverse A String in Java Letter by Letter
  • Java 8 Object Null Check
  • Java Synchronized
  • Types of Arithmetic Operators in Java
  • Types of JDBC Drivers in Java
  • Unmarshalling in Java
  • Write a Program to Print Reverse of a Vowels String in Java
  • ClassNotFound Exception in Java
  • Null Pointer Exception in Java
  • Why Does BufferedReader Throw IOException in Java
  • Java Program to Add two Complex Numbers
  • Read and Print All Files From a Zip File in Java
  • Reverse an Array in Java
  • Right Shift Zero Fill Operator in Java
  • Static Block in Java
  • Accessor and Mutator in Java
  • Array of Class Objects in Java
  • Benefits of Generics in Java
  • Can Abstract Classes Have Static Methods in Java
  • ClassNotFoundException Java
  • Creating a Custom Generic Class in Java
  • Generic Queue Java
  • Getting Total Hours From 2 Dates in Java
  • How to add 2 dates in Java
  • How to Break a Date and Time in Java
  • How to Call Generic Method in Java
  • How to Increment and Decrement Date using Java
  • Java Class Methods List
  • Java Full Stack Developer
  • Java.lang.NullPointerException
  • Least Operator to Express Number in Java
  • Shunting Yard Algorithm in Java
  • Switch Case Java
  • Treeset Java Operations
  • Types of Logical Operators in Java
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  • What is Jersey in Java
  • Alternative to Java Serialization
  • API Development in Java
  • Disadvantage of Multithreading in Java
  • Find the row with the maximum number of 1s
  • Generic Comparator in Java
  • Generic LinkedList in Java
  • Generic Programming in Java Example
  • How Can I Give the Default Date in The Array Java
  • How to Accept Date in Java
  • How to add 4 years to Date in Java
  • How to Check Date Equality in Java
  • How to Modify HTML File Using Java
  • Java 8 Multithreading Features
  • Java Abstract Class and Methods
  • Java Thread Dump Analyser
  • Process vs. Thread in Java
  • Reverse String Using Array in Java
  • Types of Assignment Operators in Java
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  • Vector Operations Java
  • Java Books Multithreading
  • Advantages of Generics in Java
  • Arrow Operator Java
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  • Generic Method in Java Example
  • Getting a Range of Dates in Java
  • Getting the Day from a Date in Java
  • How Counter Work with Date Using Java
  • How to Add Date in Arraylist Java
  • How to Create a Generic List in Java
  • Java Extend Multiple Classes
  • Java Function
  • Java Generics Design Patterns
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  • XOR Binary Operator in Java
  • Check if the given string contains all the digits in Java
  • Constructor in Abstract Class in Java
  • Count number of a class objects created in Java
  • Difference Between Byte Code and Machine Code in Java
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  • Java List Node
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  • Java Program to Get the Size of a Directory
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  • Reverse a String in Java Using StringBuilder
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  • Size of Empty Class in Java
  • Titniry Operation in Java
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  • Types of Conditional Operators in Java
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  • What is Short Circuit && And or Operator in Java
  • What is the & Operator in Java
  • Why to use enum in Java
  • XOR Bitwise Operator in Java
  • XOR Logical Operator Java
  • Compile-Time Polymorphism in Java
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  • Difference between comparing String using == and .equals() method in Java
  • Difference Between Singleton Pattern and Static Class in Java
  • Difference Between Static and Non-Static Nested Class in Java
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  • How to Swap or Exchange Objects in Java
  • Java Get Class of Generic Parameter
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  • Online Java IDE
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  • 7th Sep - Array Declaration in Java
  • 7th Sep - Bad Operand Types Error in Java
  • 7th Sep - Data Structures in Java
  • 7th Sep - Generic Type Casting In Java
  • 7th Sep - Multiple Inheritance in Java
  • 7th Sep - Nested Initialization for Singleton Class in Java
  • 7th Sep - Object in Java
  • 7th Sep - Recursive Constructor Invocation in Java
  • 7th Sep - Java Language / What is Java
  • 7th Sep - Why is Java Platform Independent
  • 7th Sep - Card Flipping Game in Java
  • 7th Sep - Create Generic Method in Java
  • 7th Sep - Difference between super and super() in Java with Examples
  • 7th Sep - for loop enum Java
  • 7th Sep - How to Convert a String to Enum in Java
  • 7th Sep - Illustrate Class Loading and Static Blocks in Java Inheritance
  • 7th Sep - Introduction To Java
  • 7th Sep - Java Lambda foreach
  • 7th Sep - Java Latest Version
  • 7th Sep - Java Method Signature
  • 7th Sep - Java Practice Programs
  • 7th Sep - Java SwingWorker Class
  • 7th Sep - java.util.concurrent.RecursiveAction class in Java With Examples
  • 7th Sep - Largest Palindrome by Changing at Most K-digits in Java
  • 7th Sep - Parameter Passing Techniques in Java with Examples
  • 7th Sep - Reverse a String in Java Using a While Loop
  • 7th Sep - Reverse a String Using a For Loop in Java
  • 7th Sep - Short Circuit Operator in Java
  • 7th Sep - Java 8 Stream API
  • 7th Sep - XOR Operation on Integers in Java
  • 7th Sep - XOR Operation on Long in Java
  • Array Programs in Java
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  • How to Add Date in MySQL from Java
  • How to Find the Size of int in Java
  • How to Make a Field Serializable in Java
  • How to Pass an Array to Function in Java
  • How to Pass an ArrayList to a Method in Java
  • Implementing the Java Queue Interface
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  • Java Program to Demonstrate the Lazy Initialization Non-Thread-Safe
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  • Java 9 Immutable Collections
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  • Java Transaction API
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  • Java 8 Merge Two Maps with Same Keys
  • Java 8 StringJoiner, String.join(), and Collectors.joining()
  • Java 9 @SafeVarargs Annotation Changes
  • Java 9 Stream API Improvements
  • Java 11 var in Lambda Expressions
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  • Find The Index of An Array Element in Java
  • Mark-and-Sweep Garbage Collection Algorithm in Java
  • Shadowing of Static Functions in Java
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  • Add Two Numbers Without Using Operator in Java
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  • Difference Between Inheritance and Interfaces in Java
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  • Find Length of String in Java Without Using Function
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  • containsIgnoreCase() Method in Java
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  • Convert String to Map in Java
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  • Difference Between Lock and Monitor in Java Concurrency
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  • getChannel() Method in Java
  • How to Check Whether an Integer Exists in a Range with Java
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  • Passing Object to Method in Java
  • Pattern Matching for Switch in Java 21
  • Swap First and Last Digit of a Number in Java
  • Adapter Design Pattern in Java
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  • Primitive Data Type Vs. Object Data Type in Java
  • setBounds() Method in Java
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  • Dyck Path in Java
  • Find the last two digits of the Factorial of a given Number in Java
  • How to Get an Environment Variable in Java
  • Java Program to open the command prompt and insert commands
  • JVM Shutdown Hook in Java
  • Semiprimes Numbers in Java
  • 12 Tips to Improve Java Code Performance
  • Ad-hoc Polymorphism in Java
  • Array to String Conversion in Java
  • CloudWatch API in Java
  • Essentials of Java Programming Language
  • Extends Vs. Implements in Java
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  • Compare Two Excel Files in Java
  • Consecutive Prime Sum Program in Java
  • Count distinct XOR values among pairs using numbers in range 1 to N
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  • Different Ways of Reading a Text File in Java
  • Empty Array in Java
  • FCFS Program in Java with Arrival Time
  • Immutable Map in Java
  • K-4 City Program in Java
  • Kahn's algorithm for Topological Sorting in Java
  • Most Popular Java Backend Tools
  • Recursive Binary Search in Java
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  • The Deprecated Annotation in Java
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  • Backtracking in Java
  • Comparing Doubles in Java
  • Consecutive Prime Sum in Java
  • Finding Missing Numbers in an Array Using Java
  • Good Number Program in Java
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  • How to Download a File from a URL in Java
  • Passing an Object to The Method in Java
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  • Understanding Static Synchronization in Java
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  • Advantages of Methods in Java
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  • Chained Exception in Java
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  • Compact Profiles Java 8
  • Convert Byte to Image in Java
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  • Copy Data from One File to Another in Java
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  • How to Terminate a Program in Java
  • Instance Block in Java
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  • Create JSON Node in Java
  • Difference Between Checkbox and Radio Button in Java
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  • Difference Between Static and Dynamic Dispatch in Java
  • Difference Between Static and Non-Static Members in Java
  • Error Java Invalid Target Release 9
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  • String Permutation in Java
  • Structured Concurrency in Java
  • Uncaught Exception in Java
  • ValueOf() Method in Java
  • Virtual Thread in Java
  • Difference Between Constructor Overloading and Method Overloading in Java
  • Difference Between for loop and for-each Loop in Java
  • Difference Between Fork/Join Framework and ExecutorService in Java
  • Difference Between Local, Instance, and Static Variables in Java
  • Difference Between Multithreading and Multiprocessing in Java
  • Difference Between Serialization and Deserialization in Java
  • Difference Between Socket and Server Socket in Java
  • Advantages of Immutable Classes in Java
  • BMI Calculator Java
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  • How to Declare an Empty Array in Java
  • How To Resolve Java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError in Java
  • Java 18 Snippet Tag with Example
  • Object Life Cycle in Java
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  • @SuppressWarnings Annotation in Java
  • Types of Cloning in Java
  • What is portable in Java
  • What is the use of an interpreter in Java
  • Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) in Java
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  • CRUD Operations in Java
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  • Frame Class in Java
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  • Number of digits in N factorial to the power N in Java
  • Rencontres Number in Java
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  • Vertical zig-zag traversal of a tree in Java
  • Wap to Reverse a String in Java using Lambda Expression
  • Concept of Stream in Java
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  • Difference Between Containers and Components in Java
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  • ClosedChannelException in Java with Examples
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  • java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException in java with Examples
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Java is a popular programming language that software developers use to construct a wide range of applications. It is a simple, robust, and platform-independent object-oriented language. There are various types of assignment operators in Java, each with its own function.

In this section, we will look at Java's many types of assignment operators, how they function, and how they are utilized.

To assign a value to a variable, use the basic assignment operator (=). It is the most fundamental assignment operator in Java. It assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side.

In the above example, the variable x is assigned the value 10.

To add a value to a variable and subsequently assign the new value to the same variable, use the addition assignment operator (+=). It takes the value on the right side of the operator, adds it to the variable's existing value on the left side, and then assigns the new value to the variable.

To subtract one numeric number from another, use the subtraction operator. All numeric data types, including integers and floating-point values, can be utilised with it. Here's an illustration:

In this example, we create two integer variables, a and b, subtract b from a, and then assign the result to the variable c.

To combine two numerical numbers, use the multiplication operator. All numeric data types, including integers and floating-point values, can be utilised with it. Here's an illustration:

In this example, we declare two integer variables, a and b, multiply their values using the multiplication operator, and then assign the outcome to the third variable, c.

To divide one numerical number by another, use the division operator. All numeric data types, including integers and floating-point values, can be utilised with it. Here's an illustration:

In this example, we declare two integer variables, a and b, divide them by one another using the division operator, and then assign the outcome to the variable c.

It's vital to remember that when two numbers are divided, the outcome will also be an integer, and any residual will be thrown away. For instance:

The modulus assignment operator (%=) computes the remainder of a variable divided by a value and then assigns the resulting value to the same variable. It takes the value on the right side of the operator, divides it by the current value of the variable on the left side, and then assigns the new value to the variable on the left side.





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Introduction to programming in java, lecture 4: classes and objects.

Lecture presentation on programming in Java. Topics include: object oriented programming, defining classes, using classes, constructors, methods, accessing fields, primitives versus references, references versus values, and static types and methods.

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  • ▼Java Tutorial
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Java Assignment Operators

Description.

Assigning a value to a variable seems straightforward enough; you simply assign the stuff on the right side of the '= 'to the variable on the left. Below statement 1 assigning value 10 to variable x and statement 2 is creating String object called name and assigning value "Amit" to it.

Assignment can be of various types. Let’s discuss each in detail.

Primitive Assignment:

The equal (=) sign is used for assigning a value to a variable. We can assign a primitive variable using a literal or the result of an expression.

Primitive Casting

Casting lets you convert primitive values from one type to another. We need to provide casting when we are trying to assign higher precision primitive to lower precision primitive for example If we try to assign int variable (which is in the range of byte variable) to byte variable then the compiler will throw an exception called "possible loss of precision". Eclipse IDE will suggest the solution as well as shown below. To avoid such problem we should use type casting which will instruct compiler for type conversion.

assignment operator image-1

For cases where we try to assign smaller container variable to larger container variables we do not need of explicit casting. The compiler will take care of those type conversions. For example, we can assign byte variable or short variable to an int without any explicit casting.

assignment operator image-2

Assigning Literal that is too large for a variable

When we try to assign a variable value which is too large (or out of range ) for a primitive variable then the compiler will throw exception “possible loss of precision” if we try to provide explicit cast then the compiler will accept it but narrowed down the value using two’s complement method. Let’s take an example of the byte which has 8-bit storage space and range -128 to 127. In below program we are trying to assign 129 literal value to byte primitive type which is out of range for byte so compiler converted it to -127 using two’s complement method. Refer link for two’s complement calculation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement)

Java Code: Go to the editor

assignment operator image-3

Reference variable assignment

We can assign newly created object to object reference variable as below

First line will do following things,

  • Makes a reference variable named s of type String
  • Creates a new String object on the heap memory
  • Assigns the newly created String object to the reference variables

You can also assign null to an object reference variable, which simply means the variable is not referring to any object. The below statement creates space for the Employee reference variable (the bit holder for a reference value) but doesn't create an actual Employee object.

Compound Assignment Operators

Sometime we need to modify the same variable value and reassigned it to a same reference variable. Java allows you to combine assignment and addition operators using a shorthand operator. For example, the preceding statement can be written as:

The += is called the addition assignment operator. Other shorthand operators are shown below table

Operator Name Example Equivalent
+= Addition assignment i+=5; i=i+5
-= Subtraction assignment j-=10; j=j-10;
*= Multiplication assignment k*=2; k=k*2;
/= Division assignment x/=10; x=x/10;
%= Remainder assignment a%=4; a=a%4;

Below is the sample program explaining assignment operators:

assignment operator image-4

  • Assigning a value to can be straight forward or casting.
  • If we assign the value which is out of range of variable type then 2’s complement is assigned.
  • Java supports shortcut/compound assignment operator.

Java Code Editor:

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Java Classes: writing your own classes, constructors

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Museum of Antiquities.

Your task is to design an Artifact class. There are three types of artifacts kept at the museum. We know nothing about the first type except the serial number assigned by the museum (for example: 212121). For the second type, we know the serial number and the culture that created it (for example: 212121, "Aztecs"). For the third type, we know the serial number, the culture that created it, and the century it was created in (for example: 212121, "Aztecs", 12).

Create an Artifact class that describes the antiquities kept at the museum, and write the required set of constructors for the class. Then, in the main() method, create one artifact of each kind.

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More reading:

class assignments in java

Java Assignment Operators

OperatorsExampleExplanation
=x = 9Value 25 is assigned to x
+=x += 9This is same as x = x + 9
-=x -= 9This is same as x = x – 9
*=x *= 9This is same as x = x * 9
/=x /= 9This is same as x = x / 9
%=x %= 9This is same as x = x % 9

Java Assignment Operators example

class assignments in java

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Assigning in Java?

Say I set int A = int B. When I change A after, it will not change the value of B. But when I set a SomeClass A = SomeClass B, and I change A's contents (like a.cost), it changes B.cost as well. Can someone explain this to me?

I thought Java is assigned by value, not reference?

Brent's user avatar

5 Answers 5

Yes, it does - but the value of A is a reference, not a copy of the object itself.

I like to give the following analogy...

Suppose two people both have my address: that's like two variables of type House in Java. Now one of them comes and paints my door red. The second person will still see the red door if they visit:

Basically, remember a few rules and things will become clear:

  • The value of an expression in Java is never an object - only ever a reference or a primitive value
  • (Corollary of first point) A variable never holds an object - only ever a reference or a primitive value
  • Assignment (and argument passing) always copies the value, whether that value is a reference or a primitive value

Jon Skeet's user avatar

What does "assigned by value" mean? Are you maybe confusing it with "pass by value/reference"?

At any rate, if you handle a class instance in Java, you are actually handling a reference to that class (much like a pointer in C/C++). Your assignment only copies the reference, so both A and B refer to the same instance, i.e. the data is shared, hence the result.

sleske's user avatar

A is a reference to the object. So if you change the object internal state , it will be reflected to every other variable pointing to it.

If you re-assign A , then B will not change:

(Java is pass by value. Check this article about it.)

Bozho's user avatar

  • Java is strictly pass by value. When passing a reference by value only the reference is duplicated, not the object being referenced. –  Russell Zornes Commented Oct 4, 2010 at 22:03
  • @Maven, of course, a stupid mistake, I thought one and wrote the other :) thanks –  Bozho Commented Oct 4, 2010 at 22:07

In Java, your variables can be split into two categories: Objects, and everything else (int, long, byte, etc).

A primitive type (int, long, etc), holds whatever value you assign it. An object variable, by contrast, holds a reference to an object somewhere. So if you assign one object variable to another, you have copied the reference, both A and B point to the same object.

NOTE: Strings in Java are actually objects, not primitives, which beginners often assume.

Hope this helps

will's user avatar

In java when you assign Object to Object its assign by reference. Int is non an Object in java so when you assign int to int its assign by value.

tn2000's user avatar

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class assignments in java

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Fixing ClassCastException: java.math.BigInteger cannot be cast to java.lang.Integer

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The ClassCastException occurs when Java attempts to cast an object of one type to another, incompatible type. One common occurrence is the exception message: java.lang.ClassCastException: java.math.BigInteger cannot be cast to java.lang.Integer . This article explores why this exception happens and ways to prevent and fix it.

1. Understanding the Cause of ClassCastException

In Java, a ClassCastException arises when you attempt to cast an object to a type that it cannot be cast to. In the case of BigInteger and Integer , both represent numbers, but they belong to different classes and cannot be cast directly.

1.1 BigInteger vs Integer

  • BigInteger : Part of java.math package, which is used to represent arbitrarily large integers.
  • Integer : A wrapper class for primitive type int and part of the java.lang package, which stores a fixed 32-bit signed integer.

Because BigInteger can hold larger values than Integer , Java does not allow automatic casting between the two. Forcing such a cast causes a ClassCastException .

1.2 Reproducing the Issue

Consider the following scenario where data is fetched from a database or an external source that stores numeric values as BigInteger . Attempting to cast this to an Integer will throw the exception:

2. Safely Converting BigInteger to Integer in Java

To avoid this issue, we need to convert BigInteger to Integer properly rather than using direct casting.

2.1 Using BigInteger.intValue()

The simplest way to convert a BigInteger to an Integer is by calling the intValue() method on the BigInteger object. This converts the BigInteger to a primitive int , and it can be boxed to an Integer .

In this code snippet, BigInteger.intValue() safely converts the value to int . However, if the value exceeds the range of an int , it will result in data loss (the most significant bits are truncated).

2.2 Checking Value Range Before Conversion

If we are dealing with large numbers, it’s important to check whether the BigInteger can fit into an Integer without data loss.

This example demonstrates a range check to ensure the BigInteger can safely be converted to an int . The code initializes a BigInteger object named bigIntValue with the value "2147483648" . This value is much larger than what a Java Integer can represent, as the Integer type has a maximum capacity far smaller than the BigInteger object in this case.

To ensure the value can safely be converted, the code checks if the BigInteger falls within the range of an Integer . The maximum value an Integer can hold is 2,147,483,647 ( Integer.MAX_VALUE ), and the minimum is -2,147,483,648 ( Integer.MIN_VALUE ). The BigInteger.compareTo() method is used to compare bigIntValue against these limits. Since 2147483648 is greater than 2147483647 , the first comparison ( bigIntValue.compareTo(BigInteger.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)) <= 0 ) returns false .

Expected Output from running the code above is:

java biginteger integer classcast example output

Let’s consider the scenario where the BigInteger value passed is within the range of a Java Integer , i.e., less than 2147483647 .

In this case, since 123,456,789 is less than 2,147,483,647 , the comparison bigIntValue.compareTo(BigInteger.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)) <= 0 evaluates to true . Additionally, because 123,456,789 is greater than -2,147,483,648 , the second comparison also returns true . With both conditions met, the code safely converts the BigInteger to an int using the intValue() method. This conversion is successful as the value is within the valid range for an Integer .

Expected Output: The converted value, 123,456,789 , is printed as an Integer . There is no data loss or overflow because the value lies within the limits of the Integer type in Java.

3. Conclusion

In this article, we explored how to safely convert a BigInteger to an Integer in Java, particularly focusing on checking the value range to avoid ClassCastException . By verifying that the BigInteger value is within the valid limits of the Integer type, we can confidently perform conversions without the risk of data loss or overflow. This practice enhances the robustness of our Java applications and helps ensure that data remains accurate during numeric operations.

4. Download the Source Code

This was an example of Java ClassCast Exception when converting BigInteger to Integer.

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Java Tutorial

Java methods, java classes, java file handling, java how to's, java reference, java examples, java inheritance, java inheritance (subclass and superclass).

In Java, it is possible to inherit attributes and methods from one class to another. We group the "inheritance concept" into two categories:

  • subclass (child) - the class that inherits from another class
  • superclass (parent) - the class being inherited from

To inherit from a class, use the extends keyword.

In the example below, the Car class (subclass) inherits the attributes and methods from the Vehicle class (superclass):

Try it Yourself »

Did you notice the protected modifier in Vehicle?

We set the brand attribute in Vehicle to a protected access modifier . If it was set to private , the Car class would not be able to access it.

Why And When To Use "Inheritance"?

- It is useful for code reusability: reuse attributes and methods of an existing class when you create a new class.

Tip: Also take a look at the next chapter, Polymorphism , which uses inherited methods to perform different tasks.

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The final Keyword

If you don't want other classes to inherit from a class, use the final keyword:

If you try to access a final class, Java will generate an error:

The output will be something like this:

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  • Java Language Updates
  • Sealed Classes

6 Sealed Classes

Sealed classes and interfaces restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them.

For background information about sealed classes and interfaces, see JEP 409 .

One of the primary purposes of inheritance is code reuse: When you want to create a new class and there is already a class that includes some of the code that you want, you can derive your new class from the existing class. In doing this, you can reuse the fields and methods of the existing class without having to write (and debug) them yourself.

However, what if you want to model the various possibilities that exist in a domain by defining its entities and determining how these entities should relate to each other? For example, you're working on a graphics library. You want to determine how your library should handle common geometric primitives like circles and squares. You've created a Shape class that these geometric primitives can extend. However, you're not interested in allowing any arbitrary class to extend Shape ; you don't want clients of your library declaring any further primitives. By sealing a class, you can specify which classes are permitted to extend it and prevent any other arbitrary class from doing so.

Declaring Sealed Classes

To seal a class, add the sealed modifier to its declaration. Then, after any extends and implements clauses, add the permits clause. This clause specifies the classes that may extend the sealed class.

For example, the following declaration of Shape specifies three permitted subclasses, Circle , Square , and Rectangle :

Figure 6-1 Shape.java

Define the following three permitted subclasses, Circle , Square , and Rectangle , in the same module or in the same package as the sealed class:

Figure 6-2 Circle.java

Figure 6-3 Square.java

Square is a non-sealed class . This type of class is explained in Constraints on Permitted Subclasses .

Figure 6-4 Rectangle.java

Rectangle has a further subclass, FilledRectangle :

Figure 6-5 FilledRectangle.java

Alternatively, you can define permitted subclasses in the same file as the sealed class. If you do so, then you can omit the permits clause:

Constraints on Permitted Subclasses

Permitted subclasses have the following constraints:

They must be accessible by the sealed class at compile time.

For example, to compile Shape.java , the compiler must be able to access all of the permitted classes of Shape : Circle.java , Square.java , and Rectangle.java . In addition, because Rectangle is a sealed class, the compiler also needs access to FilledRectangle.java .

They must directly extend the sealed class.

They must have exactly one of the following modifiers to describe how it continues the sealing initiated by its superclass:

final : Cannot be extended further

sealed : Can only be extended by its permitted subclasses

non-sealed : Can be extended by unknown subclasses; a sealed class cannot prevent its permitted subclasses from doing this

For example, the permitted subclasses of Shape demonstrate each of these three modifiers: Circle is final while Rectangle is sealed and Square is non-sealed .

They must be in the same module as the sealed class (if the sealed class is in a named module) or in the same package (if the sealed class is in the unnamed module, as in the Shape.java example).

For example, in the following declaration of com.example.graphics.Shape , its permitted subclasses are all in different packages. This example will compile only if Shape and all of its permitted subclasses are in the same named module.

Declaring Sealed Interfaces

Like sealed classes, to seal an interface, add the sealed modifier to its declaration. Then, after any extends clause, add the permits clause, which specifies the classes that can implement the sealed interface and the interfaces that can extend the sealed interface.

The following example declares a sealed interface named Expr . Only the classes ConstantExpr , PlusExpr , TimesExpr , and NegExpr may implement it:

Record Classes as Permitted Subclasses

You can name a record class in the permits clause of a sealed class or interface. See Record Classes for more information.

Record classes are implicitly final , so you can implement the previous example with record classes instead of ordinary classes:

Narrowing Reference Conversion and Disjoint Types

Narrowing reference conversion is one of the conversions used in type checking cast expressions. It enables an expression of a reference type S to be treated as an expression of a different reference type T , where S is not a subtype of T . A narrowing reference conversion may require a test at run time to validate that a value of type S is a legitimate value of type T . However, there are restrictions that prohibit conversion between certain pairs of types when it can be statically proven that no value can be of both types.

Consider the following example:

The cast expression Polygon p = (Polygon) r is allowed because it's possible that the Rectangle value r could be of type Polygon ; Rectangle is a subtype of Polygon . However, consider this example:

Even though the class Triangle and the interface Polygon are unrelated, the cast expression Polygon p = (Polygon) t is also allowed because at run time these types could be related. A developer could declare the following class:

However, there are cases where the compiler can deduce that there are no values (other than the null reference) shared between two types; these types are considered disjoint . For example:

Because the class UtahTeapot is final , it's impossible for a class to be a descendant of both Polygon and UtahTeapot . Therefore, Polygon and UtahTeapot are disjoint, and the cast statement Polygon p = (Polygon) u isn't allowed.

The compiler has been enhanced to navigate any sealed hierarchy to check if your cast statements are allowed. For example:

The first cast statement UtahTeapot u = (UtahTeapot) s isn't allowed; a Shape can only be a Polygon because Shape is sealed . However, as Polygon is non-sealed , it can be extended. However, no potential subtype of Polygon can extend UtahTeapot as UtahTeapot is final . Therefore, it's impossible for a Shape to be a UtahTeapot .

In contrast, the second cast statement Ring r = (Ring) s is allowed; it's possible for a Shape to be a Ring because Ring is not a final class.

APIs Related to Sealed Classes and Interfaces

The class java.lang.Class has two new methods related to sealed classes and interfaces:

  • java.lang.constant.ClassDesc[] permittedSubclasses() : Returns an array containing java.lang.constant.ClassDesc objects representing all the permitted subclasses of the class if it is sealed; returns an empty array if the class is not sealed
  • boolean isSealed() : Returns true if the given class or interface is sealed; returns false otherwise

C# Corner

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C#

How C# Generics is different from Java Generics

class assignments in java

  • Kautilya Utkarsh
  • Sep 24, 2024
  • Other Artcile

In this article, we explore the distinctive features of C# generics and how they enhance programming efficiency. We compare generics with non-generic types, focusing on benefits like type safety, code reusability, and performance optimization.

Introduction

Generics in programming refer to a feature that allows a coder to write type-safe, flexible, and reusable code that works with different data types without specifying a concrete data type while coding. It lets you use a placeholder i.e. a “generic type”, which allows a coder to create classes, methods, and data structures that operate on various data types. The popular object-oriented programming languages i.e. “Java” and “C#” support generics, but both handle it in a unique way.

What are Generics?

Generics allows us to write Classes, methods, and interfaces that can work with any data type without losing type safety. Because of this, we don’t require rewriting code for each type; we can write it, and it will work on each type.

Let’s see an example of creating a generic list.

Generic: C# vs. Java

In Java, after compilation, generic type information is removed. This makes Java generics compatible with older versions but limits what you can do with them at runtime, so we say that Java uses type erasure. Where C# generics are reified, that means the type information is kept during both compile-time and runtime. It makes C# more flexible and runtime safety.

C Sharp vs. Java

Let's understand this with examples,

As type information is retained at runtime in C#, we can inspect the generic type using reflection.

In Java we can’t use primitive type in generics, we use their wrapper classes like ‘Integer’ for “int” but C# supports the primitive classes directly in generics, which makes code simpler and more efficient. Let’s see.

C#’s ability to work with primitive types directly makes it faster and more convenient for developers.

Both languages allow you to make generic types flexible with inheritance, but they handle it differently: Java uses wildcards(?) for both covariance and contravariant, which confuses developers sometimes, whereas C# uses the “out” keyword for covariant types and “in” for contravariant types. This is generally easier to understand. Let’s see

C#’s out and in keywords make it clear whether a type is covariant or contravariant, reducing confusion.

Contravariance:  we can pass an Animal to the method.

Constraints on Generics: Java vs. C#  

Feature Java C#
Basic Constraints extends keyword for subclasses or interfaces where T: base class for subclassing
Constructor Constraint Not available where T : new() ensures a parameterless constructor
Reference Type Constraint Not available where T: class ensures the type is a reference type
Value Type Constraint Not available where T: struct ensures the type is a value type
Interface Constraint Can implement interfaces Can implement interfaces (where T: IInterface)
Type Safety Limited by runtime type erasure Full-type information is retained at runtime

Generics in both C# and Java allow for flexible, reusable code, but C# generics stand out due to their ability to handle primitive types, runtime type retention, and more powerful constraints. C#’s support for covariance and contravariance is also easier to understand compared to Java’s wildcard system. Understanding these differences can help you make better decisions when writing or transitioning between C# and Java code. C# generics offer more flexibility and performance benefits in many cases, especially when you need runtime type checks, work with primitive types, or require more control over type constraints.

  • C# Generics
  • Code Reusability
  • Generics Comparison
  • Performance
  • Type Safety

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Java Exercises - Basic to Advanced Java Practice Programs with Solutions

Looking for Java exercises to test your Java skills, then explore our topic-wise Java practice exercises? Here you will get 25 plus practice problems that help to upscale your Java skills.

As we know Java is one of the most popular languages because of its robust and secure nature. But, programmers often find it difficult to find a platform for Java Practice Online. In this article, we have provided Java Practice Programs. That covers various Java Core Topics that can help users with Java Practice.

So, with ado further take a look at our free Java Exercises to practice and develop your Java programming skills. Our Java programming exercises Practice Questions from all the major topics like loops, object-oriented programming, exception handling, and many more.

Topic Wise Java Exercises List

  • Pattern Programs in Java
  • Array Programs in Java
  • String Programs in Java

Java Practice Problems for Searching Algorithms

Practice problems in java sorting algorithms, more java practice exercises.

Java Exercise

Java Practice Programs

This Java exercise is designed to deepen your understanding and refine your Java coding skills, these programs offer hands-on experience in solving real-world problems, reinforcing key concepts, and mastering Java programming fundamentals. Whether you’re a beginner who looking to build a solid foundation or a professional developer aiming to sharpen your expertise, our Java practice programs provide an invaluable opportunity to sharpen your craft and excel in Java programming language .

By diving into these exercises, you’ll not only reinforce key concepts but also gain the practical experience needed to tackle real-world problems effectively. This hands-on practice is essential for mastering Java fundamentals and advancing your career as a proficient Java developer. To further enhance your skills, consider enrolling in our Java Course . This course offers comprehensive lessons and practical exercises, making it an excellent resource for both beginners and experienced developers.

1. Write Hello World Program in Java

The solution to the Problem is mentioned below:

2. Write a Program in Java to Add two Numbers.

Click here for the solution, 3. write a program to swap two numbers, 4. write a java program to convert integer numbers and binary numbers., 5. write a program to find factorial of a number in java., 6. write a java program to add two complex numbers., 7. write a program to calculate simple interest in java, 8. write a program to print the pascal’s triangle in java, 9. write a program to find sum of fibonacci series number, java exercise on pattern.

Pattern Exercises in Java

10. Write a Program to Print Pyramid Number Pattern in Java.

11. write a java program to print pattern., 12. write a java program to print pattern., 13. java program to print patterns., array exercises in java.

Array Exercises in Java

14. Write a Java Program to Compute the Sum of Array Elements.

15. write a java program to find the largest element in array, 16. write java program to find the tranpose of matrix, 17. java array program for array rotation, 18. java array program to remove duplicate elements from an array, 19. java array program to remove all occurrences of an element in an array, string exercises in java.

Strings Exercises in Java

20. Java program to check whether a string is a Palindrome

21. java string program to check anagram, 22. java string program to reverse a string, 23. java string program to remove leading zeros.

Searching Exercises in Java

24. Write a Java Program for Linear Search.

Time Complexity: O(N) Space Complexity: O(N)

25. Write a Binary Search Program in Java.

Time Complexity: O(logN) Space Complexity: O(N)

Sorting_in_java

26. Java Program for Bubble Sort.

Time Complexity: O(N 2 ) Space Complexity: O(1)

27. Write a Program for Insertion Sort in Java.

28. java program for selection sort., 29. java program for merge sort..

Time Complexity: O(N logN) Space Complexity: O(N)

30. Java Program for QuickSort.

Time Complexity: O(N logN) Space Complexity: O(1)

After completing these Java exercises you are a step closer to becoming an advanced Java programmer. We hope these exercises have helped you understand Java better and you can solve beginner to advanced-level questions on Java programming.

Solving these Java programming exercise questions will not only help you master theory concepts but also grasp their practical applications, which is very useful in job interviews.

Java Array Exercise Java String Exercise Java Collection Exercise Click Here – To Practice Java Online please check our Practice Portal.

Java Exercise – FAQ

1. how to do java projects for beginners.

To do Java projects you need to know the fundamentals of Java programming. Then you need to select the desired Java project you want to work on. Plan and execute the code to finish the project. Some beginner-level Java projects include: Reversing a String Number Guessing Game Creating a Calculator Simple Banking Application Basic Android Application

2. Is Java easy for beginners?

As a programming language, Java is considered moderately easy to learn. It is unique from other languages due to its lengthy syntax. As a beginner, you can learn beginner to advanced Java in 6 to 18 months.

3. Why Java is used?

Java provides many advantages and uses, some of which are: Platform-independent Robust and secure Object-oriented Popular & in-demand Vast ecosystem

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  1. Java Class and Objects

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  3. Object in Java

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  5. Java Assignments for Beginners (Assignment

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  1. Objects and Classes in Java

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  6. Assignment 12

COMMENTS

  1. Java Assignment Operators with Examples

    Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let's consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5. Method 2: x += 4.5.

  2. Classes and Objects in Java

    A class in Java is a set of objects which shares common characteristics/ behavior and common properties/ attributes. It is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. For example, Student is a class while a particular student named Ravi is an object. Properties of Java Classes. Class is not a real-world entity.

  3. Types of Assignment Operators in Java

    Simple Assignment Operator (=) To assign a value to a variable, use the basic assignment operator (=). It is the most fundamental assignment operator in Java. It assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side. In the above example, the variable x is assigned the value 10.

  4. Lecture 4: Classes and Objects

    Lecture presentation on programming in Java. Topics include: object oriented programming, defining classes, using classes, constructors, methods, accessing fields, primitives versus references, references versus values, and static types and methods. ... assignment Programming Assignments. Download Course.

  5. Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators (The Java™ Tutorials

    This beginner Java tutorial describes fundamentals of programming in the Java programming language ... You saw this operator in the Bicycle class; it assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left: ... You can also combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments. For example, x+=1; ...

  6. Java Class and Objects (With Example)

    Java Class and Objects. Java is an object-oriented programming language. The core concept of the object-oriented approach is to break complex problems into smaller objects. An object is any entity that has a state and behavior. For example, a bicycle is an object. It has. States: idle, first gear, etc. Behaviors: braking, accelerating, etc.

  7. Compound assignment operators in Java

    Java provides a class with name Class in java.lang package. Instances of the class Class represent classes and interfaces in a running Java application. The primitive Java types (boolean, byte, char, short, int, long, float, and double), and the keyword void are also represented as Class objects. It has no public constructor. Class objects are cons

  8. Lesson: Classes and Objects (The Java™ Tutorials

    Lesson: Classes and Objects. With the knowledge you now have of the basics of the Java programming language, you can learn to write your own classes. In this lesson, you will find information about defining your own classes, including declaring member variables, methods, and constructors. You will learn to use your classes to create objects ...

  9. Classes (The Java™ Tutorials > Learning the Java Language > Classes and

    Classes. The introduction to object-oriented concepts in the lesson titled Object-oriented Programming Concepts used a bicycle class as an example, with racing bikes, mountain bikes, and tandem bikes as subclasses. Here is sample code for a possible implementation of a Bicycle class, to give you an overview of a class declaration.

  10. Java Assignment Operators

    Compound Assignment Operators. Sometime we need to modify the same variable value and reassigned it to a same reference variable. Java allows you to combine assignment and addition operators using a shorthand operator. For example, the preceding statement can be written as: i +=8; //This is same as i = i+8; The += is called the addition ...

  11. Java Classes and Objects

    Java Classes/Objects. Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is associated with classes and objects, along with its attributes and methods. For example: in real life, a car is an object. The car has attributes, such as weight and color, and methods, such as drive and brake. A Class is like an object constructor, or ...

  12. Java OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

    OOP is faster and easier to execute. OOP provides a clear structure for the programs. OOP helps to keep the Java code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the code easier to maintain, modify and debug. OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and shorter development time. Tip: The "Don't Repeat Yourself" (DRY ...

  13. Java Classes: writing your own classes, constructors

    Hi! Today we will talk about classes in Java. You could say that classes form the cornerstone of Java programming. When you become a programmer, nearly your entire job will be writing your own classes that have various functions. Let's see what that means and how it works. :) As you know, Java is an object-oriented programming language.

  14. Java Assignment Operators

    The Java Assignment operators are used to assign the values to the declared variables. The equals ( = ) operator is the most commonly used Java assignment operator. For example: int i = 25; The table below displays all the assignment operators in the Java programming language. Operators.

  15. Java Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and more

    For example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for multiplication. Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types: Arithmetic Operators. Assignment Operators. Relational Operators. Logical Operators. Unary Operators. Bitwise Operators. 1.

  16. Java Object Assignment

    I am new to Java and I have some questions in mind regarding object assignment. For instance, Test t1 = new Test(); Test t2 = t1; t1.i=1; Assuming variable i is defined inside Test class, am I right to assume both t1 and t2 point to the same object where the modification t1.i=1 affects both t1 and t2?Actually I tested it out and seems like I was right.

  17. Introduction to Programming in Java · Computer Science

    Programming assignments. Creative programming assignments that we have used at Princeton. You can explore these resources via the sidebar at left. Introduction to Programming in Java. Our textbook Introduction to Programming in Java [ Amazon · Pearson · InformIT] is an interdisciplinary approach to the traditional CS1 curriculum with Java. We ...

  18. Understanding Classes and Objects in Java

    Classes: A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. Classes are required in OOPs because: It provides the template for creating objects, which can bind code into data. It has definitions of methods and data.

  19. Java Constructors (With Examples)

    In the above example, we have created a constructor named Main(). Inside the constructor, we are initializing the value of the name variable. Notice the statement creating an object of the Main class. Main obj = new Main(); Here, when the object is created, the Main() constructor is called. And the value of the name variable is initialized.

  20. Assigning in Java?

    Assignment (and argument passing) always copies the value, whether that value is a reference or a primitive value; Share. Follow ... At any rate, if you handle a class instance in Java, you are actually handling a reference to that class (much like a pointer in C/C++). Your assignment only copies the reference, so both A and B refer to the same ...

  21. Fixing ClassCastException: java.math.BigInteger cannot be cast to java

    The ClassCastException occurs when Java attempts to cast an object of one type to another, incompatible type. One common occurrence is the exception message: java.lang.ClassCastException: java.math.BigInteger cannot be cast to java.lang.Integer. This article explores why this exception happens and ways to prevent and fix it. 1.

  22. Java Inheritance (Subclass and Superclass)

    Java Inheritance (Subclass and Superclass) In Java, it is possible to inherit attributes and methods from one class to another. We group the "inheritance concept" into two categories: subclass (child) - the class that inherits from another class. superclass (parent) - the class being inherited from. To inherit from a class, use the extends keyword.

  23. 6 Sealed Classes

    Declaring Sealed Classes. To seal a class, add the sealed modifier to its declaration. Then, after any extends and implements clauses, add the permits clause. This clause specifies the classes that may extend the sealed class. For example, the following declaration of Shape specifies three permitted subclasses, Circle, Square, and Rectangle:

  24. How C# Generics is different from Java Generics

    Generic: C# vs. Java. In Java, after compilation, generic type information is removed. This makes Java generics compatible with older versions but limits what you can do with them at runtime, so we say that Java uses type erasure. Where C# generics are reified, that means the type information is kept during both compile-time and runtime.

  25. Java Exercises

    Java is also an object-oriented language, which means that it organizes data and behaviour into reusable units called classes and objects. Java is known for its portability, performance, security, and robust. 2 min read. Java Threading Programs - Basic to Advanced.