what is the scope and limitation of a thesis

Work With Us

Private Coaching

Done-For-You

Short Courses

Client Reviews

Free Resources

Research Limitations & Delimitations

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewed By: David Phair (PhD) | September 2022

Overview: Limitations vs Delimitations

Are they the same?
What are research limitations
What are research delimitations
Limitations vs delimitations

First things first…

Let’s start with the most important takeaway point of this post – research limitations and research delimitations are not the same – but they are related to each other (we’ll unpack that a little later). So, if you hear someone using these two words interchangeably, be sure to share this post with them!

Research Limitations

Research limitations are, at the simplest level, the weaknesses of the study , based on factors that are often outside of your control as the researcher. These factors could include things like time , access to funding, equipment , data or participants . For example, if you weren’t able to access a random sample of participants for your study and had to adopt a convenience sampling strategy instead, that would impact the generalizability of your findings and therefore reflect a limitation of your study.

Research limitations can also emerge from the research design itself . For example, if you were undertaking a correlational study, you wouldn’t be able to infer causality (since correlation doesn’t mean certain causation). Similarly, if you utilised online surveys to collect data from your participants, you naturally wouldn’t be able to get the same degree of rich data that you would from in-person interviews .

Simply put, research limitations reflect the shortcomings of a study , based on practical (or theoretical) constraints that the researcher faced. These shortcomings limit what you can conclude from a study, but at the same time, present a foundation for future research . Importantly, all research has limitations , so there’s no need to hide anything here – as long as you discuss how the limitations might affect your findings, it’s all good.

Research Delimitations

Alright, now that we’ve unpacked the limitations, let’s move on to the delimitations .

Research delimitations are similar to limitations in that they also “ limit ” the study, but their focus is entirely different. Specifically, the delimitations of a study refer to the scope of the research aims and research questions . In other words, delimitations reflect the choices you, as the researcher, intentionally make in terms of what you will and won’t try to achieve with your study. In other words, what your research aims and research questions will and won’t include.

As we’ve spoken about many times before, it’s important to have a tight, narrow focus for your research, so that you can dive deeply into your topic, apply your energy to one specific area and develop meaningful insights. If you have an overly broad scope or unfocused topic, your research will often pull in multiple, even opposing directions, and you’ll just land up with a muddy mess of findings .

So, the delimitations section is where you’ll clearly state what your research aims and research questions will focus on – and just as importantly, what they will exclude . For example, you might investigate a widespread phenomenon, but choose to focus your study on a specific age group, ethnicity or gender. Similarly, your study may focus exclusively on one country, city or even organization. As long as the scope is well justified (in other words, it represents a novel, valuable research topic), this is perfectly acceptable – in fact, it’s essential. Remember, focus is your friend.

Need a helping hand?

what is the scope and limitation of a thesis

Conclusion: Limitations vs Delimitations

Ok, so let’s recap.

Research limitations and research delimitations are related in that they both refer to “limits” within a study. But, they are distinctly different. Limitations reflect the shortcomings of your study, based on practical or theoretical constraints that you faced.

Contrasted to that, delimitations reflect the choices that you made in terms of the focus and scope of your research aims and research questions. If you want to learn more about research aims and questions, you can check out this video post , where we unpack those concepts in detail.

You Might Also Like:

How To Choose A Tutor For Your Dissertation

Hiring the right tutor for your dissertation or thesis can make the difference between passing and failing. Here’s what you need to consider.

5 Signs You Need A Dissertation Helper

Discover the 5 signs that suggest you need a dissertation helper to get unstuck, finish your degree and get your life back.

Writing A Dissertation While Working: A How-To Guide

Struggling to balance your dissertation with a full-time job and family? Learn practical strategies to achieve success.

How To Review & Understand Academic Literature Quickly

Learn how to fast-track your literature review by reading with intention and clarity. Dr E and Amy Murdock explain how.

Dissertation Writing Services: Far Worse Than You Think

Thinking about using a dissertation or thesis writing service? You might want to reconsider that move. Here’s what you need to know.

📄 FREE TEMPLATES

Research Topic Ideation

Proposal Writing

Literature Review

Methodology & Analysis

Academic Writing

Referencing & Citing

Apps, Tools & Tricks

The Grad Coach Podcast

19 Comments

Good clarification of ideas on how a researcher ought to do during Process of choice

Thank you so much for this very simple but explicit explanation on limitation and delimitation. It has so helped me to develop my masters proposal. hope to recieve more from your site as time progresses

Thank you for this explanation – very clear.

Thanks for the explanation, really got it well.

This website is really helpful for my masters proposal

Thank you very much for helping to explain these two terms

I spent almost the whole day trying to figure out the differences

when I came across your notes everything became very clear

thanks for the clearly outlined explanation on the two terms, limitation and delimitation.

Very helpful Many thanks 🙏

Excellent it resolved my conflict .

I would like you to assist me please. If in my Research, I interviewed some participants and I submitted Questionnaires to other participants to answered to the questions, in the same organization, Is this a Qualitative methodology , a Quantitative Methodology or is it a Mixture Methodology I have used in my research? Please help me

How do I cite this article in APA format

Really so great ,finally have understood it’s difference now

Getting more clear regarding Limitations and Delimitation and concepts

I really appreciate your apt and precise explanation of the two concepts namely ; Limitations and Delimitations.

This is a good sources of research information for learners.

thank you for this, very helpful to researchers

Very good explained

Great and clear explanation, after a long confusion period on the two words, i can now explain to someone with ease.

Submit a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Submit Comment

Print Friendly

How To Write Scope and Delimitation of a Research Paper (With Examples)

An effective research paper or thesis has a well-written Scope and Delimitation. This portion specifies your study’s coverage and boundaries.

Not yet sure about how to write your research’s Scope and Delimitation? Fret not, as we’ll guide you through the entire writing process through this article.

Related: How To Write Significance of the Study (With Examples)

What is the scope and delimitation of a research paper.

The “Scope and Delimitation” section states the concepts and variables your study covered. It tells readers which things you have included and excluded in your analysis.

This portion tells two things: 1

The study’s “Scope” – concepts and variables you have explored in your research and;
The study’s “Delimitation” – the “boundaries” of your study’s scope. It sets apart the things included in your analysis from those excluded.

For example, your scope might be the effectiveness of plant leaves in lowering blood sugar levels. You can “delimit” your study only to the effect of gabi leaves on the blood glucose of Swiss mice.

Where Should I Put the Scope and Delimitation?

This portion is in Chapter 1, usually after the “Background of the Study.”

Why Should I Write the Scope and Delimitation of My Research Paper?

There’s a lot to discover in a research paper or thesis. However, your resources and time dedicated to it are scarce. Thus, given these constraints, you have to narrow down your study. You do this in the Scope and Delimitation.

Suppose you’re studying the correlation between the quantity of organic fertilizer and plant growth . Experimenting with several types of plants is impossible because of several limitations. So, you’ve decided to use one plant type only.

Informing your readers about this decision is a must. So, you have to state it in your Scope and Delimitation. It also acts as a “disclaimer” that your results are inapplicable to the entire plant kingdom.

What Is the Difference Between Delimitation and Limitation?

People often use the terms “Delimitation” and “Limitation” interchangeably. However, these words differ 2 .

Delimitation refers to factors you set to limit your analysis. It delineates those that are included in your research and those that are excluded. Remember, delimitations are within your control.

Meanwhile, limitations are factors beyond your control that may affect your research’s results. You can think of limitations as the “weaknesses” of your study.

Let’s go back to our previous example. Due to some constraints, you’ve only decided to examine one plant type: dandelions. This is an example of a delimitation since it limits your analysis to dandelions only and not other plant types. Note that the number of plant types used is within your control.

Meanwhile, your study cannot state that a higher quantity of organic fertilizer is the sole reason for plant growth. That’s because your research’s focus is only on correlation. Since this is already beyond your control, then this is a limitation.

How To Write Scope and Delimitation: Step-by-Step Guide

To write your research’s Scope and Delimitation section, follow these steps:

1. Review Your Study’s Objectives and Problem Statement

Your study’s coverage relies on its objectives. Thus, you can only write this section if you know what you’re researching. Furthermore, ensure that you understand the problems you ought to answer.

Once you understand the abovementioned things, you may start writing your study’s Scope and Delimitation.

2. State the Key Information To Explain Your Study’s Coverage and Boundaries

a. The Main Objective of the Research

This refers to the concept that you’re focusing on in your research. Some examples are the following:

level of awareness or satisfaction of a particular group of people
correlation between two variables
effectiveness of a new product
comparison between two methods/approaches
lived experiences of several individuals

It’s helpful to consult your study’s Objectives or Statement of the Problem section to determine your research’s primary goal.

b. Independent and Dependent Variables Included

Your study’s independent variable is the variable that you manipulate. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the variable whose result depends upon the independent variable. Both of these variables must be clear and specific when indicated.

Suppose you study the relationship between social media usage and students’ language skills. These are the possible variables for the study:

Independent Variable: Number of hours per day spent on using Facebook
Dependent Variable: Grade 10 students’ scores in Quarterly Examination in English.

Note how specific the variables stated above are. For the independent variable, we narrow it down to Facebook only. Since there are many ways to assess “language skills,” we zero in on the students’ English exam scores as our dependent variable.

c. Subject of the Study

This refers to your study’s respondents or participants.

In our previous example, the research participants are Grade 10 students. However, there are a lot of Grade 10 students in the Philippines. Thus, we have to select from a specific school only—for instance, Grade 10 students from a national high school in Manila.

d. Timeframe and Location of the Study

Specify the month(s), quarter(s), or year(s) as the duration of your study. Also, indicate where you will gather the data required for your research.

e. Brief Description of the Study’s Research Design and Methodology

You may also include whether your research is quantitative or qualitative, the sampling method (cluster, stratified, purposive) applied, and how you conducted the experiment.

Using our previous example, the Grade 10 students can be selected using stratified sampling. Afterward, the researchers may obtain their English quarterly exam scores from their respective teachers. You can add these things to your study’s Scope and Delimitation.

3. Indicate Which Variables or Factors Are Not Covered by Your Research

Although you’ve already set your study’s coverage and boundaries in Step 2, you may also explicitly mention things you’ve excluded from your research.

Returning to our previous example, you can state that your assessment will not include the vocabulary and oral aspects of the English proficiency skill.

Examples of Scope and Delimitation of a Research Paper

1. scope and delimitation examples for quantitative research.

a. Example 1

Research Title

A Study on the Relationship of the Extent of Facebook Usage on the English Proficiency Level of Grade 10 Students of Matagumpay High School

Scope and Delimitation

(Main Objective)

This study assessed the correlation between the respondents’ duration of Facebook usage and their English proficiency level.

(Variables used)

The researchers used the number of hours per day of using Facebook and the activities usually performed on the platform to assess the respondents’ extent of Facebook usage. Meanwhile, the respondents’ English proficiency level is limited to their quarterly English exam scores.

(Subject of the study)

A sample of fifty (50) Grade 10 students of Matagumpay High School served as the study’s respondents.

(Timeframe and location)

This study was conducted during the Second Semester of the School Year 2018 – 2019 on the premises of Matagumpay High School in Metro Manila.

(Methodology)

The respondents are selected by performing stratified random sampling to ensure that there will be ten respondents from five Grade 10 classes of the school mentioned above. The researchers administered a 20-item questionnaire to assess the extent of Facebook usage of the selected respondents. Meanwhile, the data for the respondents’ quarterly exam scores were acquired from their English teachers. The collected data are handled with the utmost confidentiality. Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation was applied to quantitatively assess the correlation between the variables.

(Exclusions)

This study didn’t assess other aspects of the respondents’ English proficiency, such as English vocabulary and oral skills.

Note: The words inside the parentheses in the example above are guides only. They are not included in the actual text.

b. Example 2

Level of Satisfaction of Grade 11 Students on the Implementation of the Online Learning Setup of Matagumpay High School for SY 2020 – 2021

This study aims to identify students’ satisfaction levels with implementing online learning setups during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Students’ satisfaction was assessed according to teachers’ pedagogy, school policies, and learning materials used in the online learning setup. The respondents included sixty (60) Grade 11 students of Matagumpay High School who were randomly picked. The researchers conducted the study from October 2020 to February 2021.

Online platforms such as email and social media applications were used to reach the respondents. The researchers administered a 15-item online questionnaire to measure the respondents’ satisfaction levels. Each response was assessed using a Likert Scale to provide a descriptive interpretation of their answers. A weighted mean was applied to determine the respondents’ general satisfaction.

This study did not cover other factors related to the online learning setup, such as the learning platform used, the schedule of synchronous learning, and channels for information dissemination.

2. Scope and Delimitation Examples for Qualitative Research

Lived Experiences of Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) Drivers of Antipolo City Amidst the Continuous June 2022 Oil Price Hikes

This research focused on the presentation and discussion of the lived experiences of PUV drivers during the constant oil price hike in June 2022.

The respondents involved are five (5) jeepney drivers from Antipolo City who agreed to be interviewed. The researchers assessed their experiences in terms of the following: (1) daily net income; (2) duration and extent of working; (3) alternative employment opportunity considerations; and (4) mental and emotional status. The respondents were interviewed daily at their stations on June 6 – 10, 2022.

In-depth one-on-one interviews were used for data collection. Afterward, the respondents’ first-hand experiences were drafted and annotated with the researchers’ insights.

The researchers excluded some factors in determining the respondents’ experiences, such as physical and health conditions and current family relationship status.

A Study on the Perception of the Residents of Mayamot, Antipolo City on the Political and Socioeconomic Conditions During the Post-EDSA Period (1986 – 1996)

This research aims to discuss the perception of Filipinos regarding the political and socioeconomic economic conditions during the post-EDSA period, specifically during the years 1986 – 1996.

Ten (10) residents of Mayamot, Antipolo City, who belonged to Generation X (currently 40 – 62 years old), were purposively selected as the study’s respondents. The researchers asked them about their perception of the following aspects during the period mentioned above (1) performance of national and local government; (2) bureaucracy and government services; (3) personal economic and financial status; and (4) wage purchasing power.

The researchers conducted face-to-face interviews in the respondents’ residences during the second semester of AY 2018 – 2019. The responses were written and corroborated with the literature on the post-EDSA period.

The following factors were not included in the research analysis: political conflicts and turmoils, the status of the legislative and judicial departments, and other macroeconomic indicators.

Tips and Warnings

1. use the “5ws and 1h” as your guide in understanding your study’s coverage.

Why did you write your study?
What variables are included?
Who are your study’s subject
Where did you conduct the study?
When did your study start and end?
How did you conduct the study?

2. Use key phrases when writing your research’s scope

This study aims to …
This study primarily focuses on …
This study deals with …
This study will cover …
This study will be confined…

3. Use key phrases when writing factors beyond your research’s delimitations

The researcher(s) decided to exclude …
This study did not cover….
This study excluded …
These variables/factors were excluded from the study…

4. Don’t forget to ask for help

Your research adviser can assist you in selecting specific concepts and variables suitable to your study. Make sure to consult him/her regularly.

5. Make it brief

No need to make this section wordy. You’re good to go if you meet the “5Ws and 1Hs”.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. what are scope and delimitation in tagalog.

In a Filipino research ( pananaliksik ), Scope and Delimitation is called “ Saklaw at Delimitasyon”.

Here’s an example of Scope and Delimitation in Filipino:

Pamagat ng Pananaliksik

Epekto Ng Paggamit Ng Mga Digital Learning Tools Sa Pag-Aaral Ng Mga Mag-Aaral Ng Mataas Na Paaralan Ng Matagumpay Sa General Mathematics

Sakop at Delimitasyon ng Pag-aaral

Nakatuon ang pananaliksik na ito sa epekto ng paggamit ng mga digital learning aids sa pag-aaral ng mga mag-aaral.

Ang mga digital learning tools na kinonsidera sa pag-aaral na ito ay Google Classroom, Edmodo, Kahoot, at mga piling bidyo mula YouTube. Samantala, ang epekto sa pag-aaral ng mga mag-aaral ng mga nabanggit na digital learning tools ay natukoy sa pamamagitan ng kanilang (1) mga pananaw hinggil sa benepisyo nito sa kanilang pag-aaral sa General Mathematics at (2) kanilang average grade sa asignaturang ito.

Dalawampu’t-limang (25) mag-aaral mula sa Senior High School ng Mataas na Paaralan ng Matagumpay ang pinili para sa pananaliksik na ito. Sila ay na-interbyu at binigyan ng questionnaire noong Enero 2022 sa nasabing paaralan. Sinuri ang resulta ng pananaliksik sa pamamagitan ng mga instrumentong estadistikal na weighted mean at Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Hindi saklaw ng pananaliksik na ito ang ibang mga aspeto hinggil sa epekto ng online learning aids sa pag-aaral gaya ng lebel ng pag-unawa sa aralin at kakayahang iugnay ito sa araw-araw na buhay.

2. The Scope and Delimitation should consist of how many paragraphs?

Three or more paragraphs will suffice for your study’s Scope and Delimitation. Here’s our suggestion on what you should write for each paragraph:

Paragraph 1: Introduction (state research objective) Paragraph 2: Coverage and boundaries of the research (you may divide this section into 2-3 paragraphs) Paragraph 3 : Factors excluded from the study

University of St. La Salle. Unit 3: Lesson 3 Setting the Scope and Limitation of a Qualitative Research [Ebook] (p. 12). Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-st-la-salle/senior-high-school/final-sg-pr1-11-12-unit-3-lesson-3-setting-the-scope-and-limitation-of-a-qualitative-research/24341582
Theofanidis, D., & Fountouki, A. (2018). Limitations and Delimitations in the Research Process. Perioperative Nursing (GORNA), 7(3), 155–162. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2552022

Written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

in Career and Education , Juander How

Jewel Kyle Fabula

Jewel Kyle Fabula graduated Cum Laude with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman. He is also a nominee for the 2023 Gerardo Sicat Award for Best Undergraduate Thesis in Economics. He is currently a freelance content writer with writing experience related to technology, artificial intelligence, ergonomic products, and education. Kyle loves cats, mathematics, playing video games, and listening to music.

Browse all articles written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

Copyright Notice

All materials contained on this site are protected by the Republic of the Philippines copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published, or broadcast without the prior written permission of filipiknow.net or in the case of third party materials, the owner of that content. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright, or other notice from copies of the content. Be warned that we have already reported and helped terminate several websites and YouTube channels for blatantly stealing our content. If you wish to use filipiknow.net content for commercial purposes, such as for content syndication, etc., please contact us at legal(at)filipiknow(dot)net

Home » Delimitations in Research – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Delimitations in Research – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Delimitations

Delimitations in research define the boundaries and scope of a study, outlining what will and will not be addressed. They clarify the choices made by the researcher to focus on specific aspects of the topic, study area, population, or methodology. While delimitations set limits on the study’s scope, they also help improve the clarity, feasibility, and relevance of the research by narrowing down its objectives.

Definition of Delimitations

Delimitations are the intentionally established boundaries of a study that specify its scope and constraints. They outline the choices made regarding the study’s focus, sample, methodology, and timeframe, helping readers understand the study’s limitations and providing context for the findings.

Key Aspects of Delimitations:

Define the study’s scope and boundaries.
Explain why certain elements are included or excluded.
Address factors that may impact generalizability.

For instance, a study on employee motivation might choose to focus only on employees within a specific industry. This choice becomes a delimitation, clarifying that findings may not apply to other sectors.

Types of Delimitations in Research

Definition : These delimitations specify the target population for the study, such as age group, geographical area, or specific characteristics of participants.
Example : A study on college students’ social media usage that only includes students from a specific university.
Purpose : Population delimitations help researchers focus on a specific group, making the study more manageable and relevant.
Definition : Conceptual delimitations define the study’s focus, including the concepts, variables, or theories the research will examine.
Example : A study on mental health that examines only depression and anxiety, excluding other mental health disorders.
Purpose : Conceptual delimitations clarify which aspects of a broader topic are being explored, providing a clear focus for analysis.
Definition : These delimitations outline the methods and approaches the researcher chooses to use, including data collection techniques, sample size, or research design.
Example : Using a survey instead of in-depth interviews in a study on job satisfaction.
Purpose : Methodological delimitations specify the research design choices, helping readers understand the approach taken and its impact on the findings.
Definition : Instrument delimitations refer to the specific tools, measures, or instruments used in the study.
Example : Using a standardized questionnaire rather than a customized one to measure employee satisfaction.
Purpose : Instrument delimitations highlight the constraints imposed by using certain tools, impacting how data is collected and interpreted.
Definition : These delimitations specify the timeframe for data collection or the period the study covers.
Example : A study that examines social media trends from 2019 to 2021.
Purpose : Temporal delimitations limit the scope to a certain period, impacting the study’s relevance and potential for generalization over time.
Definition : These delimitations confine the study to a specific location or region.
Example : A study on urban public transportation efficiency limited to New York City.
Purpose : Geographical delimitations set the study within a particular context, aiding in the relevance and feasibility of the research.

Examples of Delimitations in Research

A study investigating the effect of physical activity on academic performance may choose to include only high school students from a single district. This population delimitation helps narrow the focus but may limit generalizability to students in other regions.
Research on customer satisfaction may choose to focus only on customer service quality, excluding factors like product quality and price. This conceptual delimitation focuses on one aspect of satisfaction, simplifying the study’s scope.
In a study exploring employee motivation, the researcher may choose to use surveys instead of interviews, as surveys allow for data collection from a larger sample. This methodological delimitation impacts the depth of data obtained but enhances the feasibility.
A study on COVID-19 vaccination attitudes might limit its analysis to data collected between 2020 and 2022, providing a specific timeframe that contextualizes the findings.

Why Are Delimitations Important?

Delimitations are essential in research for several reasons:

Clarity : They provide clarity on the study’s focus, allowing readers to understand its scope.
Feasibility : By defining the scope, delimitations make the study manageable within available resources and time constraints.
Transparency : They communicate the researcher’s choices openly, helping readers interpret the findings accurately.
Generalizability : Delimitations help define how broadly findings can be applied, addressing potential limitations in the study’s applicability.

How to Write Delimitations in Research

Clearly state the decisions that limit the study’s scope, such as population, location, and timeframe. Explain why these choices were made to provide context.
Example : “This study focuses on the role of social media in shaping public opinion in the United States between 2019 and 2021. These delimitations were chosen due to data accessibility and to align with current social trends.”
Provide a rationale for each delimitation to clarify its purpose. This justification helps readers understand why specific decisions were necessary for the study’s objectives.
Example : “The study focuses solely on university students to maintain a consistent demographic, as previous research indicates that age can significantly impact social media usage patterns.”
Recognize the impact of the delimitations on the study’s generalizability. Mention any limitations that readers should consider when interpreting the findings.
Example : “While the study provides insights into social media use among university students, findings may not be generalizable to older age groups or individuals outside academic settings.”
Avoid overly broad or vague delimitations. Keep each delimitation clear, specific, and relevant to the study’s objectives.
Example : “The study investigates customer satisfaction among small business clients in urban areas, as rural customers may have distinct expectations due to geographic factors.”
In a research paper, delimitations are often included in the methodology or introduction section. Ensure that they are easy to locate and appropriately placed.
Example : Include delimitations in a subsection titled “Delimitations” within the methodology to clearly separate them from other methodological considerations.

Sample Paragraph for Delimitations

“This study explores the relationship between work-life balance and job satisfaction among employees in the tech industry within the United States. The population is limited to full-time employees aged 25-45 to maintain consistency in work hours and career stages. The study uses an online survey to collect data, as surveys allow for larger sample sizes and more efficient data collection. Additionally, the study is restricted to data collected between January and December 2023 to provide a current snapshot of the industry. While these delimitations narrow the scope of the research, they ensure a focused analysis on specific factors influencing job satisfaction in the tech sector.”

This sample paragraph highlights the study’s delimitations and provides a rationale for each, allowing readers to understand the scope and limitations.

Delimitations in research are essential for defining the boundaries of a study, guiding its focus, and helping readers interpret the findings within a specific context. By understanding and clearly stating delimitations, researchers can ensure transparency and maintain the study’s relevance and feasibility. A well-defined set of delimitations helps both the researcher and readers understand the scope, limitations, and generalizability of the research.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . SAGE Publications.
Kumar, R. (2014). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners . SAGE Publications.
Flick, U. (2014). An Introduction to Qualitative Research . SAGE Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach . SAGE Publications.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice . SAGE Publications.