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Newton’s first law: the law of inertia

• Newton’s second law: F = ma
• Newton’s third law: the law of action and reaction
• Influence of Newton’s laws

What are Newton’s laws of motion?

• What is Isaac Newton most famous for?
• How was Isaac Newton educated?
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Newton’s laws of motion

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Newton’s laws of motion relate an object’s motion to the forces acting on it. In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Why are Newton’s laws of motion important?

Newton’s laws of motion are important because they are the foundation of classical mechanics, one of the main branches of physics . Mechanics is the study of how objects move or do not move when forces act upon them.

Newton’s laws of motion , three statements describing the relations between the forces acting on a body and the motion of the body, first formulated by English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton , which are the foundation of classical mechanics .

Newton’s first law states that if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force . In fact, in classical Newtonian mechanics, there is no important distinction between rest and uniform motion in a straight line; they may be regarded as the same state of motion seen by different observers, one moving at the same velocity as the particle and the other moving at constant velocity with respect to the particle. This postulate is known as the law of inertia .

The law of inertia was first formulated by Galileo Galilei for horizontal motion on Earth and was later generalized by René Descartes . Although the principle of inertia is the starting point and the fundamental assumption of classical mechanics, it is less than intuitively obvious to the untrained eye. In Aristotelian mechanics and in ordinary experience, objects that are not being pushed tend to come to rest. The law of inertia was deduced by Galileo from his experiments with balls rolling down inclined planes.

For Galileo, the principle of inertia was fundamental to his central scientific task: he had to explain how is it possible that if Earth is really spinning on its axis and orbiting the Sun, we do not sense that motion. The principle of inertia helps to provide the answer: since we are in motion together with Earth and our natural tendency is to retain that motion, Earth appears to us to be at rest. Thus, the principle of inertia, far from being a statement of the obvious, was once a central issue of scientific contention . By the time Newton had sorted out all the details, it was possible to accurately account for the small deviations from this picture caused by the fact that the motion of Earth’s surface is not uniform motion in a straight line (the effects of rotational motion are discussed below). In the Newtonian formulation, the common observation that bodies that are not pushed tend to come to rest is attributed to the fact that they have unbalanced forces acting on them, such as friction and air resistance.

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Essays on Newton's Laws of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion are fundamental principles in the field of physics, providing the basis for understanding the behavior of objects in motion. These laws have been essential in shaping our understanding of the physical world and are a cornerstone of modern physics. As such, there are numerous essay topics that can be explored within the realm of Newton's Laws of Motion, offering students the opportunity to delve into the intricacies of these fundamental principles.

The Importance of the Topic

Understanding Newton's Laws of Motion is crucial for anyone studying physics or engineering. These laws govern the behavior of objects in motion and provide a framework for analyzing and predicting the motion of objects. By studying these laws, students can gain a deeper understanding of how the physical world works and apply this knowledge to real-world situations.

Additionally, exploring essay topics related to Newton's Laws of Motion can help students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. By delving into these complex principles, students can learn how to analyze and interpret scientific concepts, as well as communicate their findings effectively through writing.

Advice on Choosing a Topic

When choosing a topic for an essay on Newton's Laws of Motion, it is important to consider your interests and the specific aspects of the laws that you find most intriguing. Consider exploring topics that relate to real-world applications of the laws, historical context, or modern advancements in the field of physics. Additionally, consider topics that allow for in-depth research and analysis, as this will provide the opportunity to delve into the complexities of Newton's Laws of Motion.

It may also be beneficial to consider the audience for your essay and choose a topic that will engage and educate your readers. By selecting a topic that is relevant and interesting, you can ensure that your essay will captivate the attention of your audience and effectively convey the significance of Newton's Laws of Motion.

Newton's Laws of Motion offer a wealth of opportunities for exploration and analysis through essay topics. By delving into these fundamental principles, students can gain a deeper understanding of the physical world and develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. When choosing a topic for an essay on Newton's Laws of Motion, it is important to consider your interests, the relevance of the topic, and the potential for in-depth research and analysis. By selecting a compelling topic, students can effectively convey the significance of Newton's Laws of Motion and engage their audience in the complexities of these fundamental principles.

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Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Experiment Report

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Newton’s Laws of Motion Lesson: Learn About Concepts and Applications

Lesson overview, introduction to newton's laws of motion lesson, what are newton's laws of motion, what are newton's three laws of motion and their classifications, what is the history behind newton's laws of motion, how are newton's laws applied in real-world situations, what are the limitations of newton's laws, what are the important discoveries related to newton's laws, how did newton's laws of motion influence modern physics.

This lesson on Newton's Laws of Motion offers an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles that govern motion and force in the physical world. This lesson explains Newton's Three Laws of Motion and their crucial role in classical mechanics. You will gain an understanding of how these laws provide a foundation for analyzing various phenomena, from everyday activities to advanced scientific concepts. 

The lesson also covers the historical context behind the development of these laws, their practical applications in real-world scenarios, and their limitations in modern physics. Additionally, we will explore the significant discoveries and advancements that have stemmed from Newton's work, highlighting its enduring influence on science and technology.

Newton's Laws of Motion are three fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting upon it. These laws are the cornerstone of Newtonian mechanics and provide the foundation for understanding how objects move or remain stationary in response to external forces. By describing the effects of forces on an object's motion, these laws help explain a wide range of physical phenomena, from simple movements like walking and driving to complex behaviors like planetary orbits and rocket launches. For example, when a car suddenly stops, passengers inside continue to move forward due to inertia until a force, such as a seatbelt, stops them. Similarly, when pushing a shopping cart, the force exerted by the push causes it to accelerate; the more force applied, the faster it moves. These everyday occurrences demonstrate the principles underlying Newton's Laws of Motion, which are essential for understanding both everyday life and advanced scientific concepts.

Newton's Three Laws of Motion are foundational principles in physics that describe how forces affect the motion of objects. These laws, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton, provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamics of bodies in motion and have numerous applications in everyday life, engineering, and scientific research. Each law addresses a specific aspect of motion and force, and together, they form the basis of Newtonian mechanics.

First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

Definition Newton's First Law of Motion, also known as the Law of Inertia , states that an object will remain at rest or continue to move in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. This law introduces the concept of inertia, which is the inherent tendency of an object to resist changes to its state of motion.

Formula There is no specific formula for Newton's First Law, as it describes a principle rather than a calculable relationship. However, it implies that if the net external force (F) on an object is zero, the velocity (v) of the object remains constant: F=0  ⟹  Δv=0

Example Consider a book lying on a table. The book will remain stationary unless a force, such as a push, moves it. Similarly, a soccer ball kicked on a field will continue to roll in a straight line until friction from the grass or another force, like a player's foot, stops it or changes its direction. In both cases, inertia is at play, maintaining the current state of motion until an external force intervenes.

Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)

Definition Newton's Second Law of Motion, known as the Law of Acceleration , states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The law provides a quantitative measure of the effect of force on an object's motion and is expressed by the formula: F=ma where:

• F is the net force acting on the object (in newtons, N),
• m is the mass of the object (in kilograms, kg),
• a is the acceleration produced (in meters per second squared, m/s²).

Example If you push a shopping cart, the force you apply causes it to accelerate. The heavier the cart (greater mass), the more force is needed to achieve the same acceleration. For instance, if you apply a force of 10 N to a cart with a mass of 2 kg, the acceleration can be calculated as: a = Fm= 10 N2 kg = 5 m/se. This means the cart will accelerate at 5 meters per second squared.

Third Law of Motion (Law of Action-Reaction)

Definition Newton's Third Law of Motion, known as the Law of Action-Reaction , states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law explains how forces always occur in pairs: when one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force back on the first. These forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

Formula The law is often represented as F action = −F reaction

Example When you jump off a boat onto a dock, the force you exert to push yourself forward (action) also pushes the boat backward (reaction) with equal force. Similarly, a rocket launch demonstrates this law: as hot gases are expelled downward from the rocket's engines (action), the rocket is propelled upward with an equal and opposite force (reaction). This principle is crucial in understanding propulsion, not only in rockets but also in everyday movements like walking or swimming.

The history of Newton's Laws of Motion is deeply intertwined with the evolution of physics and scientific thought in the 17th century. These laws were formulated by Sir Isaac Newton and first presented in 1687 in his groundbreaking work, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), commonly known as the Principia . This book is considered one of the most important works in the history of science, as it laid the foundation for classical mechanics and provided a comprehensive framework for understanding both terrestrial and celestial motion.

The Foundations Laid by Earlier Scientists

Before Newton, several scientists had made significant contributions to the study of motion. One of the key figures was Galileo Galilei , an Italian astronomer and physicist who, in the early 17th century, challenged the prevailing Aristotelian view that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. Galileo conducted experiments, such as rolling balls down inclined planes, to demonstrate that all objects accelerate at the same rate regardless of their mass. His work on inertia laid the groundwork for Newton's First Law of Motion.

Another significant contributor was Johannes Kepler , a German astronomer who formulated the three laws of planetary motion in the early 1600s. Kepler's laws described the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun, providing a foundation for understanding celestial mechanics. Although Kepler's work did not explicitly involve forces, it set the stage for Newton to introduce the concept of gravitational force that governs both planetary and earthly objects.

Newton's Synthesis and the Development of His Laws

Building upon the work of Galileo, Kepler, and others, Isaac Newton developed his three laws of motion, which unified the understanding of motion in both the heavens and on Earth. Newton's genius lay in synthesizing these earlier ideas with his own groundbreaking concepts to create a unified theory. He realized that the same set of principles could explain both the motion of planets and the falling of an apple to the ground.

Newton's First Law of Motion , often referred to as the Law of Inertia, was influenced by Galileo's concept of inertia, which stated that an object would remain in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. Newton extended this idea, formalizing it as the foundation of his theory of motion.

The Second Law of Motion , which relates force, mass, and acceleration (F = ma), was Newton's own profound insight. It quantified the effects of force on an object's motion, providing a mathematical relationship that could be used to predict motion accurately. This law became crucial for both terrestrial mechanics and celestial dynamics, allowing scientists to calculate the trajectories of projectiles, the orbits of planets, and much more.

The Third Law of Motion , stating that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, was developed from Newton's studies of momentum and force interactions. This principle became essential in explaining how objects interact with each other and laid the foundation for later advancements in fields such as engineering, aeronautics, and even space exploration.

Publication and Impact of the Principia

Newton's Principia was published with the encouragement of astronomer Edmond Halley , who recognized the importance of Newton's work. The book's publication marked a turning point in scientific history, as it provided a mathematical description of the natural world that could be tested and verified through observation and experiment. It not only explained the motion of planets, moons, and comets but also addressed tides, the trajectories of projectiles, and the precession of equinoxes.

The Principia's impact was profound and far-reaching. Newton's Laws of Motion became the cornerstone of classical mechanics and dominated scientific thought for over two centuries. They provided a framework for understanding the mechanics of objects from the smallest particles to the largest celestial bodies, influencing various fields such as astronomy, engineering, and even philosophy.

Influence on Modern Science

Newton's work laid the foundation for future scientific discoveries. His laws of motion were instrumental in the development of later theories, including James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. While Newton's laws have limitations-such as not accounting for relativistic effects or quantum mechanics-they remain crucial for understanding the macroscopic world.

Newton's Laws of Motion are fundamental to understanding the physical world and are applied in a wide range of real-world scenarios, from everyday activities to complex engineering problems. Each law provides insights into how forces influence motion, helping us predict and analyze the behavior of objects in various contexts. Here are detailed examples of how each of Newton's laws is applied in real life

First Law (Law of Inertia)

Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. This principle is evident in numerous everyday situations

• Automobile Safety When a car is suddenly braked, passengers inside tend to lurch forward. This happens because their bodies are in motion with the car. According to the law of inertia, their bodies will continue moving forward at the same speed even when the car stops, unless restrained by seat belts or airbags. This is why seat belts are crucial for preventing injuries during sudden stops or collisions-they provide the external force needed to change the passengers' state of motion.
• Sports In sports like soccer, a ball will remain stationary on the field until a player kicks it. Once in motion, the ball will keep moving in a straight line unless external forces like friction, air resistance, or another player's intervention act on it. This principle allows players to predict the path of the ball and plan their actions accordingly.
• Space Exploration In the vacuum of space, where there is minimal friction, a spacecraft that is set in motion will continue moving indefinitely in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted upon by another force, such as a gravitational pull from a planet or an asteroid. This principle is fundamental to understanding satellite orbits and space travel dynamics.

Second Law (Law of Acceleration)

Newton's Second Law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. This law is mathematically represented by the equation F=ma, where the force (F) equals mass (m) multiplied by acceleration (a).

• Vehicle Dynamics When a driver steps on the gas pedal, the car's engine generates a force that accelerates the vehicle. A heavier vehicle (greater mass) requires more force to achieve the same acceleration as a lighter vehicle. This is why sports cars, which are designed to be lightweight and have powerful engines, accelerate faster than heavier trucks.
• Construction and Machinery In construction sites, cranes and other lifting machines apply forces to move heavy materials. Engineers must calculate the forces required to lift these materials based on their mass and the desired acceleration. Understanding Newton's Second Law allows for the safe and efficient design and operation of such equipment.
• Sports and Exercise When a person lifts weights, the force exerted by their muscles determines the acceleration of the weights. The heavier the weight (mass), the more force required to lift it. This is why professional athletes undergo strength training to increase the force they can apply, thus improving their performance.

Third Law (Law of Action-Reaction)

Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This principle explains how forces always occur in pairs.

• Swimming When a swimmer pushes against the water with their hands and feet, the water pushes back with an equal and opposite force, propelling the swimmer forward. This action-reaction pair is essential for understanding how aquatic locomotion works.
• Rocket Propulsion Rockets launch into space by expelling exhaust gases downward at high speeds. According to Newton's Third Law, the gases pushing downward produce an equal and opposite force that propels the rocket upward. This principle forms the basis for all rocket and jet propulsion systems, including those used in space exploration and aviation.
• Walking and Running When you walk or run, your feet push against the ground, and the ground pushes back with an equal and opposite force, allowing you to move forward. This action-reaction pair is fundamental to human and animal locomotion.

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While Newton's Laws of Motion have been incredibly successful in explaining a wide range of physical phenomena, they have certain limitations that restrict their applicability. These laws are most effective under conditions that conform to classical mechanics, but they fall short in more extreme environments, such as those involving very high speeds, strong gravitational fields, or atomic-scale interactions.

1. Relativistic Limitations

Newton's Laws do not account for objects moving at speeds close to the speed of light. In such cases, Einstein's theory of relativity becomes more relevant. According to Einstein's Special Relativity, as an object approaches the speed of light, its mass effectively increases, requiring more and more force to continue accelerating it. This relativistic effect is not predicted by Newton's Second Law, F=maF = maF=ma, and requires a different framework to be accurately described. Thus, Newtonian mechanics cannot accurately describe the behavior of particles in high-speed particle accelerators or the gravitational effects near massive objects like black holes.

2. Quantum Mechanical Limitations

Newton's Laws also fail to describe phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels. In these scenarios, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate description of motion and forces. For instance, particles like electrons do not follow definite paths like macroscopic objects do. Instead, their behavior is governed by probability distributions and wave-particle duality, which Newton's classical framework cannot address. Quantum mechanics is necessary to explain the behavior of particles at the quantum level, such as in the operation of semiconductors, lasers, and superconductors.

3. Non-Linear Dynamics and Chaos Theory

Newtonian mechanics is based on deterministic laws where knowing the initial conditions allows for the prediction of future states. However, in systems governed by chaos theory -such as weather patterns, turbulent flows, or certain astronomical systems-tiny changes in initial conditions can lead to vastly different outcomes. These systems are highly sensitive to initial conditions, making Newtonian mechanics less useful in predicting their behavior accurately over long periods.

4. Strong Gravitational Fields

In the presence of extremely strong gravitational fields, such as those near a neutron star or black hole, Newton's Laws of Motion do not provide an accurate description of motion. General relativity must be used to account for the curvature of spacetime caused by massive objects. In such environments, time and space behave in ways not predicted by Newtonian physics.

Newton's Laws of Motion have been pivotal in shaping our understanding of physics, leading to numerous important discoveries and developments in the field. These laws not only revolutionized the study of motion but also provided the foundation for several key concepts and theories that have shaped modern science. Here are some of the significant discoveries and advancements that were built upon or influenced by Newton's Laws

1. Gravitational Theory

One of the most important discoveries influenced by Newton's work is the Law of Universal Gravitation . Newton extended his Second Law of Motion to develop his theory of gravity, which states that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers

F = G m1m2/ r 2

• F is the gravitational force between two masses,
• G is the gravitational constant,
• m 1 ​ and m 2 ​ are the masses of the objects,
• r is the distance between the centers of the two masses.

This theory was groundbreaking because it explained both the motion of celestial bodies and the phenomena of falling objects on Earth using a single law. Newton's gravitational theory laid the foundation for classical mechanics and celestial mechanics, explaining phenomena such as planetary orbits, tidal forces, and the trajectories of comets.

2. Conservation Laws

Newton's Third Law of Motion-"For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction"-is fundamental to the laws of conservation of momentum and energy . The principle of conservation of momentum states that in a closed system with no external forces, the total momentum remains constant. This principle arises naturally from Newton's Third Law when two bodies interact with equal and opposite forces. Similarly, the conservation of mechanical energy in a system where only conservative forces (like gravity) act is also derived from Newton's laws. These conservation laws are cornerstones of both classical mechanics and modern physics, playing a critical role in fields such as fluid dynamics, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics.

3. Development of Classical Mechanics

Newton's work provided the fundamental principles on which classical mechanics is built. His formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation allowed future physicists, such as Joseph-Louis Lagrange and William Rowan Hamilton , to develop more advanced formulations of mechanics. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, which emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries, reformulated Newton's principles into more generalized mathematical frameworks. These formulations are particularly useful in analyzing complex systems and have become central to modern theoretical physics, including quantum mechanics and general relativity.

4. Planetary Motion and Orbital Mechanics

Newton's Laws of Motion, combined with his Law of Universal Gravitation, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion . Before Newton, Johannes Kepler had empirically formulated three laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. However, Newton provided the theoretical foundation that explained why planets follow elliptical orbits and how their speed varies as they move closer to or farther from the Sun. This discovery was crucial for the development of orbital mechanics , which is essential for modern astronomy, space exploration, and satellite technology.

5. Development of Engineering and Technology

The application of Newton's Laws in engineering led to the development of mechanical engineering principles that govern the design and function of machines, vehicles, and structures. Concepts like torque, angular momentum, and stress-strain relationships are all rooted in Newtonian mechanics. The understanding of forces and motion has allowed engineers to design everything from bridges and buildings to cars, airplanes, and rockets.

Newton's Laws of Motion laid the groundwork for a vast range of scientific and technological advancements, making them some of the most influential ideas in the history of science. Here's how Newton's Laws of Motion have shaped modern physics

1. Foundation for Classical Mechanics

Newton's Laws of Motion are the cornerstone of classical mechanics , a framework used to describe the behavior of macroscopic systems. Classical mechanics provides the equations and principles needed to model the motion of objects ranging from simple particles to complex systems like planetary orbits and machinery. It serves as the basis for fields such as mechanical engineering, aerospace, robotics, and biomechanics.

2. Paving the Way for Thermodynamics

Newtonian mechanics contributed significantly to the development of thermodynamics . Concepts like work, kinetic energy, and potential energy, which are rooted in Newtonian physics, are foundational to thermodynamic laws. The study of heat, energy transfer, and engine efficiency during the Industrial Revolution was heavily influenced by Newton's principles. The understanding of energy conservation and conversion processes paved the way for the laws of thermodynamics, which govern the relationships between heat, work, and energy in physical systems.

3. Influence on Electromagnetism

The formulation of classical electromagnetism in the 19th century by James Clerk Maxwell was influenced by the mathematical structure of Newtonian mechanics. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact with matter, similar to how Newton's laws describe the motion of physical objects. The synthesis of electromagnetism under a common framework was inspired by Newton's approach to unifying the laws of motion and gravitation.

4. Development of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

While Newton's laws provided the foundation for classical physics, they also highlighted their own limitations, particularly in extreme conditions. This led to the development of more advanced theories

• Einstein's Theory of Relativity Newtonian mechanics fails to accurately describe phenomena at speeds close to the speed of light or in strong gravitational fields. Albert Einstein developed the theories of special and general relativity to address these shortcomings. Special relativity redefines concepts of space, time, and energy for high-velocity objects, while general relativity extends this framework to include gravity as the curvature of spacetime, rather than a simple force as described by Newton.
• Quantum Mechanics Newton's laws do not accurately describe the behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic scales. In the early 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics provided a new framework for understanding the motion and interaction of particles. Concepts like wave-particle duality, quantum uncertainty, and quantization of energy levels have roots in the deviations from Newtonian predictions at small scales.

5. Modern Computational Physics and Engineering

Newton's laws and their derivatives have been fundamental in the development of computational physics and engineering. Modern simulations of fluid dynamics, structural analysis, and even weather forecasting use numerical methods that derive from Newtonian mechanics. Computational models allow scientists and engineers to solve complex problems that are analytically intractable, revolutionizing fields like aerospace engineering, climate science, and materials science.

In this lesson on Newton's Laws of Motion, we explored the fundamental principles that govern the motion of objects and the forces that act upon them. Newton's Three Laws of Motion-covering inertia, acceleration, and action-reaction-serve as the cornerstone of classical mechanics, providing a framework for understanding a wide range of physical phenomena from everyday occurrences to complex scientific and engineering challenges. We learned about the historical context in which these laws were developed, their significant impact on the evolution of physics, and their foundational role in later scientific advancements.

We discussed the practical applications of Newton's Laws in real-world scenarios and highlighted the limitations of these laws in extreme environments, where more advanced theories are required. Understanding Newton's Laws of Motion is essential not only for grasping the basics of physics but also for appreciating their enduring influence on science, technology, and our everyday lives. 

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What Are Newton's Laws of Motion?

Newton's First, Second and Third Laws of Motion

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Newton's Laws of Motion help us understand how objects behave when standing still; when moving, and when forces act upon them. There are three laws of motion. Here is a description of Sir Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion and a summary of what they mean.

Newton's First Law of Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless an external force acts upon it. Similarly, if the object is at rest, it will remain unless an unbalanced force acts upon it. Newton's First Law of Motion is also known as the Law of Inertia .

What Newton's First Law is saying is that objects behave predictably. If a ball is sitting on your table, it isn't going to start rolling or fall off the table unless a force acts upon it to cause it to do so. Moving objects don't change their direction unless a force causes them to move from their path.

As you know, if you slide a block across a table, it eventually stops rather than continuing forever. This is because the frictional force opposes the continued movement. If you throw a ball out in space, there is much less resistance. The ball will continue onward for a much greater distance.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Newton's Second Law of Motion states that when a force acts on an object, it will cause the object to accelerate. The larger the object's mass, the greater the force will need to be to cause it to accelerate. This Law may be written as force = mass x acceleration or:

F = m * a

Another way to state the Second Law is to say it takes more force to move a heavy object than it does to move a light object. Simple, right? The law also explains deceleration or slowing down. You can think of deceleration as acceleration with a negative sign on it. For example, a ball rolling down a hill moves faster or accelerates as gravity acts on it in the same direction as the motion (acceleration is positive). If a ball is rolled up a hill, the force of gravity acts on it in the opposite direction of the motion (acceleration is negative or the ball decelerates).

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

This means that pushing on an object causes that object to push back against you, the same amount but in the opposite direction. For example, when you are standing on the ground, you are pushing down on the Earth with the same magnitude of force it is pushing back up at you.

History of Newton's Laws of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton introduced the three Newton's laws of motion in 1687 in his book entitled "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (or simply "The Principia"). The same book also discussed the theory of gravity . This one volume described the main rules still used in classical mechanics today.

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Newton's Laws of Motion Quiz

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•   ?     1st law
•   ?     2nd law
•   ?     3rd law
•   ?     4th law
•   ?     1st Law
•   ?     2nd Law
•   ?     3rd Law
•   ?     A object will always move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
•   ?     A object will always move with a changing velocity while it is acted upon by an unbalanced force.
•   ?     The lighter car will sway more than the heavier car.
•   ?     The heavier car will sway more than the lighter car.
•   ?     0.55 m/s 2
•   ?     116 m/s 2
•   ?     552 m/s 2
•   ?     0.116 m/s 2
•   ?     20 m/s 2
•   ?     0.020 m/s 2
•   ?     50 m/s 2
•   ?     0.05 m/s 2
•   ?     0.3 m/s
•   ?     3.3 m/s
•   ?     5 m/s
•   ?     14.5 m/s
•   ?     8.1 m/s
•   ?     2 m/s
•   ?     0.5 m/s
•   ?     5.9 m/s
•   ?     A body's velocity will change while an unbalanced force acts on it.
•   ?     A body's will remain at rest while no unbalanced forces act on it.
•   ?     A body will move at a constant velocity while an unbalanced force acts on it.
•   ?     Because the tires have increased the truck inertia.
•   ?     Because the tires have increased the truck tires rotational inertia.
•   ?     Both A and B are correct.
•   ?     None of the above are correct.

• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Class 9
• NCERT 9 Science
• Chapter 9: Force And Laws Of Motion

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9: Force and Laws Of Motion

Ncert solutions class 9 science chapter 9 – free pdf download.

* According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 8.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion, are prepared to help students clear their doubts and understand concepts thoroughly. Class 9 Solutions of Science is a beneficial reference material that helps students to clear doubts instantly in an effective way. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science are designed in a student-friendly way and are loaded with questions, activities, and exercises that are CBSE and competitive exam-oriented. 

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science is designed and developed by subject experts and teaching faculty having experience in coaching students. It is developed keeping in mind the concept-based approach, along with the precise answering method for examinations. It is a detailed and well-structured concept-based learning solution aimed at imparting confidence to face the CBSE and competitive exams. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 is made available in both PDF and web formats of Science chapters.

• Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings
• Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure
• Chapter 3 Atoms And Molecules
• Chapter 4 Structure Of The Atom
• Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit Of Life
• Chapter 6 Tissues
• Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms
• Chapter 8 Motion
• Chapter 10 Gravitation
• Chapter 11 Work and Energy
• Chapter 12 Sound
• Chapter 13 Why Do We Fall ill
• Chapter 14 Natural Resources
• Chapter 15 Improvement in Food Resources

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Access Answers of Science NCERT class 9 Chapter 9: Force and Laws Of Motion(All intext and exercise questions solved)

Intext Questions – 1   Page: 118

1. Which of the following has more inertia: (a) a rubber ball and a stone of the same size? (b) a bicycle and a train? (c) a five-rupee coin and a one-rupee coin?

Since inertia is dependent on the mass of the object, the object with the greater mass will hold greater inertia. The following objects hold greater inertia because of their mass.

• Five-Rupee coin

2. In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the ball changes: “A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the football towards the goal. The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the football and kicks it towards a player of his own team”. Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case.

The velocity of football changes four times.

First, when a football player kicks a football to another player, second when that player kicks the football to the goalkeeper. Third when the goalkeeper stops the football. Fourth, when the goalkeeper kicks the football towards his team player.

Agent supplying the force:

a) The First case is the First player

b) The Second case is the Second player

c) The Third case is Goalkeeper

d) The Fourth case is Goalkeeper

3. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake its branch.

When the branch of the tree is shaken, the branch moves in a to-and-fro motion. However, the inertia of the leaves in attached to the branch resists the motion of the branch. Therefore, the leaves that are weakly attached to the branch fall off due to inertia whereas the leaves that are firmly attached to the branch remain attached.

4. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall backwards when it accelerates from rest?

Initially, when the bus accelerates in a forward direction from a state of rest, the passengers experience a force exerted on them in the backward direction due to their inertia opposing the forward motion.

Once the bus starts moving, the passengers are in a state of motion in the forward direction. When the brakes are applied, the bus moves towards a position of rest. Now, a force in the forward direction is applied on the passengers because their inertia resists the change in the motion of the bus. This causes the passengers to fall forwards when the brakes are applied.

Intext Questions – 2 Page: 126,127

1. If action is always equal to the reaction, explain how a horse can pull a cart.

When the horse walks forward (with the cart attached to it), it exerts a force in the backward direction on the Earth. An equal force in the opposite direction (forward direction) is applied on the horse by the Earth. This force moves the horse and the cart forward. As a result, the cart moves forward.

2. Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amounts of water at a high velocity.

When a fireman holds a hose, which is ejecting large amounts of water at a high velocity, then a reaction force is exerted on him by the ejecting water in the backward direction. This is because of Newton’s third law of motion. As a result of the backward force, the stability of the fireman decreases. Hence, it is difficult for him to remain stable while holding the hose.

3. From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50 g is fired with an initial velocity of 35 m s –1 . Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.

Given, the Bullet’s mass (m 1 ) = 50 g

The rifle’s mass (m 2 ) = 4kg = 4000g

Initial velocity of the fired bullet (v 1 ) = 35 m/s

Let the recoil velocity be v 2 .

Since the rifle was initially at rest, the initial momentum of the rifle = 0

The total momentum of the rifle and bullet after firing = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2

As per the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum of the rifle and the bullet after firing = 0 (same as initial momentum)

Therefore, m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = 0

The negative sign indicates that recoil velocity is opposite to the bullet’s motion.

4. Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same line and direction with velocities of 2 ms –1 and 1 ms –1 , respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first object moves at a velocity of 1.67 ms –1 . Determine the velocity of the second object.

Assuming that the first object is object A and the second one is object B, it is given that:

Mass of A (m 1 ) = 100g

Mass of B (m 2 ) = 200g

Initial velocity of A (u 1 ) = 2 m/s

Initial velocity of B (u 2 ) = 1 m/s

Final velocity of A (v 1 ) = 1.67 m/s

Final velocity of B (v 2 ) =?

Total initial momentum = Initial momentum of A + initial momentum of B

= m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2

= (100g) × (2m/s) + (200g) × (1m/s) = 400 g.m.sec -1

As per the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before collision must be equal to the total momentum post collision.

v 2 = 1.165 m/s

Therefore, the velocity of object B after the collision is 1.165 meters per second.

Exercises Page: 128,129

1. An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed on the magnitude and direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason.

Yes, it is possible. An object moving in some direction with constant velocity will continue in its state of motion as long as there are no external unbalanced forces acting on it. In order to change the motion of the object, some external unbalanced force must act upon it.

2. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it. Explain.

When the carpet is beaten with a stick, the stick exerts a force on the carpet which sets it in motion. The inertia of the dust particles residing on the carpet resists the change in the motion of the carpet. Therefore, the forward motion of the carpet exerts a backward force on the dust particles, setting them in motion in the opposite direction. This is why the dust comes out of the carpet when beaten.

3. Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope?

When some luggage is placed on the roof of a bus which is initially at rest, the acceleration of the bus in the forward direction will exert a force (in the backward direction) on the luggage. In a similar manner, when a bus which is initially in a state of motion suddenly comes to rest due to the application of brakes, a force (in the forward direction) is exerted on the luggage.

Depending on the mass of the luggage and the magnitude of the force, the luggage may fall off the bus due to inertia. Tying up the luggage will secure its position and prevent it from falling off the bus.

4. A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on a level ground. After covering a short distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball slows to a stop because (a) the batsman did not hit the ball hard enough. (b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball. (c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion. (d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball, so the ball would want to come to rest.

When the ball rolls on the flat surface of the ground, its motion is opposed by the force of friction (the friction arises between the ground and the ball). This frictional force eventually stops the ball. Therefore, the correct answer is (c).

If the surface of the level ground is lubricated (with oil or some other lubricant), the friction that arises between the ball and the ground will reduce, which will enable the ball to roll for a longer distance.

5. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration. It travels a distance of 400 m in 20 s. Find its acceleration. Find the force acting on it if it’s mass is 7 tonnes (Hint: 1 tonne = 1000 kg.)

Given, distance covered by the truck (s) = 400 meters

Time taken to cover the distance (t) = 20 seconds

The initial velocity of the truck (u) = 0 (since it starts from a state of rest)

6. A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 ms -1 across the frozen surface of a lake and comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction between the stone and the ice?

Given, Mass of the stone (m) = 1kg

Initial velocity (u) = 20m/s

Terminal velocity (v) = 0 m/s (the stone reaches a position of rest)

Distance travelled by the stone (s) = 50 m

As per the third equation of motion

v² = u² + 2as

Substituting the values in the above equation we get,

0² = (20)² + 2(a)(50)

-400 = 100a

a = -400/100  =  -4m/s² (retardation)

We know that

Substituting above obtained value of a = -4 in F = m x a

F = 1 × (-4) = -4N

Here the negative sign indicates the opposing force which is Friction

7. An 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg, along a horizontal track. If the engine exerts a force of 40000 N and the track offers a friction force of 5000 N, then calculate: (a) the net accelerating force and (b) the acceleration of the train

(a) Given, the force exerted by the train (F) = 40,000 N

Force of friction = -5000 N (the negative sign indicates that the force is applied in the opposite direction)

Therefore, the net accelerating force = sum of all forces = 40,000 N + (-5000 N) = 35,000 N

(b) Total mass of the train = mass of engine + mass of each wagon = 8000kg + 5 × 2000kg

The total mass of the train is 18000 kg.

As per the second law of motion, F = ma (or: a = F/m)

Therefore, acceleration of the train = (net accelerating force) / (total mass of the train)

= 35,000/18,000 = 1.94 ms -2

The acceleration of the train is 1.94 m.s -2 .

8. An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force between the vehicle and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 ms -2 ?

Given, mass of the vehicle (m) = 1500 kg

Acceleration (a) = -1.7 ms -2

As per the second law of motion, F = ma

F = 1500kg × (-1.7 ms -2 ) = -2550 N

Hence, the force between the automobile and the road is -2550 N, in the opposite direction of the automobile’s motion.

9. What is the momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a velocity v?

(a) (mv) 2 (b) mv 2 (c) ½ mv 2 (d) mv

The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass m and velocity v

Momentum = mass x velocity

Hence, the correct answer is mv i.e option (d)

10. Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a floor at a constant velocity. What is the friction force that will be exerted on the cabinet?

Since the velocity of the cabinet is constant, its acceleration must be zero. Therefore, the effective force acting on it is also zero. This implies that the magnitude of opposing frictional force is equal to the force exerted on the cabinet, which is 200 N. Therefore, the total friction force is -200 N.

11. Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same straight line but in opposite directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 ms -1 before the collision during which they stick together. What will be the velocity of the combined object after collision?

Mass of first object, m 1 = 1.5 kg

Mass of second object, m 2 = 1.5 kg

Velocity of first object before collision, v 1 = 2.5 m/s

The velocity of the second object which is moving in the opposite direction, v 2 = -2.5 m/s

We know that,

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = (m 1 + m 2 )v

1.5(2.5) + 1.5 (-2.5) = (1.5 + 1.5)v

3.75 – 3.75 = 3v

Therefore, the velocity of the combined object after the collision is 0 m/s

12. According to the third law of motion when we push on an object, the object pushes back on us with an equal and opposite force. If the object is a massive truck parked along the roadside, it will probably not move. A student justifies this by answering that the two opposite and equal forces cancel each other. Comment on this logic and explain why the truck does not move.

Since the truck has a very high mass, the static friction between the road and the truck is high. When pushing the truck with a small force, the frictional force cancels out the applied force and the truck does not move. This implies that the two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction (since the person pushing the truck is not displaced when the truck doesn’t move). Therefore, the student’s logic is correct.

13. A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 ms –1 is struck by a hockey stick so as to return it along its original path with a velocity at 5 ms –1 . Calculate the magnitude of change of momentum occurred in the motion of the hockey ball by the force applied by the hockey stick.

Given, mass of the ball (m) = 200g

Initial velocity of the ball (u) = 10 m/s

Final velocity of the ball (v) = – 5m/s

Initial momentum of the ball = mu = 200g × 10 ms -1 = 2000 g.m.s -1

Final momentum of the ball = mv = 200g  × –5 ms -1 = –1000 g.m.s -1

Therefore, the change in momentum (mv – mu) = –1000 g.m.s -1 – 2000 g.m.s -1 = –3000 g.m.s -1

This implies that the momentum of the ball reduces by 1000 g.m.s -1 after being struck by the hockey stick.

14. A bullet of mass 10 g travelling horizontally with a velocity of 150 m s –1 strikes a stationary wooden block and comes to rest in 0.03 s. Calculate the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block. Also calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet.

Given, mass of the bullet (m) = 10g (or 0.01 kg)

Initial velocity of the bullet (u) = 150 m/s

Terminal velocity of the bullet (v) = 0 m/s

Time period (t) = 0.03 s

To find the distance of penetration, the acceleration of the bullet must be calculated

Let the distance of penetration be s

As per the first law of motion

0 = 150 + a (0.03)

a = -5000 ms -2

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

0 = 150 2 + 2 x (-5000)s

F = 0.01kg × (-5000 ms -2 )

15. An object of mass 1 kg travelling in a straight line with a velocity of 10 ms –1 collides with, and sticks to, a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg. Then they both move off together in the same straight line. Calculate the total momentum just before the impact and just after the impact. Also, calculate the velocity of the combined object.

Given, mass of the object (m 1 ) = 1kg

Mass of the block (m 2 ) = 5kg

Initial velocity of the object (u 1 ) = 10 m/s

Initial velocity of the block (u 2 ) = 0

Mass of the resulting object = m 1 + m 2 = 6kg

Velocity of the resulting object (v) =?

Total momentum before the collision = m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = (1kg) × (10m/s) + 0 = 10 kg.m.s -1

As per the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum post the collision. Therefore, the total momentum post the collision is also 10 kg.m.s -1

Now, (m 1 + m 2 ) × v = 10kg.m.s -1

The resulting object moves with a velocity of 1.66 meters per second.

16. An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5 ms –1 to 8 ms –1 in 6 s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the object. Also, find the magnitude of the force exerted on the object.

Given, mass of the object (m) = 100kg

Initial velocity (u) = 5 m/s

Terminal velocity (v) = 8 m/s

Time period (t) = 6s

Now, initial momentum (m × u) = 100kg × 5m/s = 500 kg.m.s -1

Final momentum (m × v) = 100kg × 8m/s = 800 kg.m.s -1

Therefore, the object accelerates at 0.5 ms -2 . This implies that the force acting on the object (F = ma) is equal to:

F = (100kg) × (0.5 ms -2 ) = 50 N

Therefore, a force of 50 N is applied on the 100kg object, which accelerates it by 0.5 ms -2 .

17. Akhtar, Kiran, and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was moving with a high velocity on an expressway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of the motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more than that of the motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result the insect died. Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motorcar and the insect experienced the same force and a change in their momentum. Comment on these suggestions.

As per the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before the collision between the insect and the car is equal to the total momentum after the collision. Therefore, the change in the momentum of the insect is much greater than the change in momentum of the car (since force is proportional to mass).

Akhtar’s assumption is partially right. Since the mass of the car is very high, the force exerted on the insect during the collision is also very high.

Kiran’s statement is false. The change in momentum of the insect and the motorcar is equal by conservation of momentum. The velocity of insect changes accordingly due to its mass as it is very small compared to the motorcar. Similarly, the velocity of motorcar is very insignificant because its mass is very large compared to the insect.

Rahul’s statement is completely right. As per the third law of motion, the force exerted by the insect on the car is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the car on the insect. However, Rahul’s suggestion that the change in the momentum is the same contradicts the law of conservation of momentum.

18. How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer to the floor if it falls from a height of 80 cm? Take its downward acceleration to be 10 ms –2 .

Given, mass of the dumb-bell (m) = 10kg

Distance covered (s) = 80cm = 0.8m

Initial velocity (u) = 0 (it is dropped from a position of rest)

Acceleration (a) = 10ms -2

Terminal velocity (v) =?

Momentum of the dumb-bell when it hits the ground = mv

As per the third law of motion

v 2 – u 2 = 2as

Therefore, v 2 – 0 = 2 (10 ms -2 ) (0.8m) = 16 m 2 s -2

The momentum transferred by the dumb-bell to the floor = (10kg) × (4 m/s) = 40 kg.m.s -1

Additional Exercises Page: 130

1. The following is the distance-time table of an object in motion:

(a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration? Is it constant, increasing, decreasing, or zero? (b) What do you infer about the forces acting on the object?

(a) The distance covered by the object at any time interval is greater than any of the distances covered in previous time intervals. Therefore, the acceleration of the object is increasing.

(b) As per the second law of motion, force = mass × acceleration. Since the mass of the object remains constant, the increasing acceleration implies that the force acting on the object is increasing as well

2. Two persons manage to push a motorcar of mass 1200 kg at a uniform velocity along a level road. The same motorcar can be pushed by three persons to produce an acceleration of 0.2 ms -2 . With what force does each person push the motorcar? (Assume that all persons push the motorcar with the same muscular effort)

Given, mass of the car (m) = 1200kg

When the third person starts pushing the car, the acceleration (a) is 0.2 ms -2 . Therefore, the force applied by the third person (F = ma) is given by:

F = 1200kg × 0.2 ms -2 = 240N

The force applied by the third person on the car is 240 N. Since all 3 people push with the same muscular effort, the force applied by each person on the car is 240 N.

3. A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 m s-1, strikes a nail. The nail stops the hammer in a very short time of 0.01 s. What is the force of the nail on the hammer?

Given, mass of the hammer (m) = 500g = 0.5kg

Initial velocity of the hammer (u) = 50 m/s

Terminal velocity of the hammer (v) = 0 (the hammer is stopped and reaches a position of rest).

Time period (t) = 0.01s

a = -5000ms -2

Therefore, the force exerted by the hammer on the nail (F = ma) can be calculated as:

F = (0.5kg) * (-5000 ms -2 ) = -2500 N

As per the third law of motion, the nail exerts an equal and opposite force on the hammer. Since the force exerted on the nail by the hammer is -2500 N, the force exerted on the hammer by the nail will be +2500 N.

4. A motorcar of mass 1200 kg is moving along a straight line with a uniform velocity of 90 km/h. Its velocity is slowed down to 18 km/h in 4 s by an unbalanced external force. Calculate the acceleration and change in momentum. Also calculate the magnitude of the force required.

Initial velocity (u) = 90 km/hour = 25 meters/sec

Terminal velocity (v) = 18 km/hour = 5 meters/sec

Time period (t) = 4 seconds

Therefore, the acceleration of the car is -5 ms -2 .

Initial momentum of the car = m × u = (1200kg) × (25m/s) = 30,000 kg.m.s -1

Final momentum of the car = m × v = (1200kg) × (5m/s) = 6,000 kg.m.s -1

Therefore, change in momentum (final momentum – initial momentum) = (6,000 – 30,000) kg.m.s -1

= -24,000 kg.m.s -1

External force applied = mass of car × acceleration = (1200kg) × (-5 ms -2 ) = -6000N

Therefore, the magnitude of force required to slow down the vehicle to 18 km/hour is 6000 N

NCERT Solution Class 9 Science Chapter 9 explains what is a force and its application with various examples. It also explains the three laws of motion, along with examples and mathematical formulations. Conservation of Momentum is explained in a simple way. Various activities are incorporated into the chapter to explain the concepts in an easy way. NCERT Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion also describes the natural tendency of objects to resist a change in their state of rest or of uniform motion, known as inertia, in a detailed way. NCERT Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Force and laws of motion are covered under unit 3 Motion, Force and Work. Refer to previous years’ question papers and sample papers to know the type of questions that appear, along with the allotment of marks and patterns. The topics that are covered under this chapter include:

• Inertia and Mass (4 questions)
• Conservation of Momentum (4 questions)
• Post-Chapter Exercises (18 Questions)

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 9: Force and Laws Of Motion

• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 explains motion and the causes of motion in a detailed way.
• 1st law of motion, 2nd law of motion and 3rd law of motion are explained with illustrations and mathematical formulations.
• Exercise covers all the topics of the chapter and helps students in gaining confidence to write the CBSE exam.
• Concepts like conservation of momentum, inertia and mass are described in brief.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9: Force and Laws Of Motion

• A simple and easily understandable method is followed in NCERT Solutions to make students grasp concepts.
• NCERT Solutions offer comprehensive answers to all the questions to help students in their preparations.
• Provides completely solved solutions to all the questions present in the chapter.
• These solutions will be useful for CBSE exams, Science Olympiads, and other competitive exams.

Disclaimer:

Dropped Topics-  9.6 Conservation of Momentum, Activity 9.5, 9.6, Example 9.6, 9.7, 9.8 and Box item ‘Conservation Laws’.

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Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions with Answers

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions with Answers will challenge your understanding and allow you to delve deeper into the intricacies of how objects interact and move. Read this also Extra Questions for Class 9 Science with Answers .

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1. Define the following terms

• Balanced forces
• Unbalanced forces
• Conservation of momentum.
• Force: It is an entity which when applied on a body changes or tends to change its state of motion and shape.
• Balanced forces: When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body do not bring about any change in the state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line, then the forces acting on the body are said to be balanced.
• Unbalanced forces: When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body bring about a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line, then these forces acting on the body are said to be unbalanced forces.
• Inertia: Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion or rest.
• Momentum: Momentum of a body is the product of its mass and velocity.
• Conservation of momentum: In an isolated system, the total momentum remains conserved.

Question 2. Name the physical quantity that measures inertia. Answer: Mass of body measures its inertia.

Question 3. There are three solids made up of aluminum, steel, and wood, of the same shape and same volume. Which of them would have the highest inertia? Answer: Steel ball would have the highest inertia as steel is denser than the other two.

Question 4. Name the factors on which the momentum of a body depends. Answer:

• The velocity of the body.

Question 5. Define one newton of force. Answer: Force is said to be 1 newton if it produces an acceleration of 1 rn/s 2 in a body of 1 kg.

Question 6. An object is thrown vertically upwards. What is its momentum at the highest point? Answer: Since the velocity at the highest point is zero, so the momentum of the object is zero at the highest point.

Question 7. State action and reaction when a bullet is fired from the gun. Answer: Action: Force exerted by a spring on the bullet. Reaction: Force exerted on the gun.

Question 8. An athlete runs some distance before taking a jump. Why? Answer: To gain momentum so that he may jump higher.

Question 9. Mention any two effects of force. Answer:

• It changes the state of rest or motion of a body.
• It changes the shape of the body.

Question 10. What happens to the momentum of a body whose velocity is halved? Answer: The momentum of the body becomes half.

Question 11. Give the magnitude and the direction of the net force acting on the cork of mass 10 g floating on water. Answer: Zero.

Question 12. A car of mass 1000 kg is moving with velocity 5 m/s. Calculate the momentum of the car. Answer: Given, mass, m = 1000 kg Velocity, u = 5 m/s Momentum, P = mυ P= 1000 x 5 = 5000kg m/s P= 5000 kg m/s

Question 13. A meteorite burns in the atmosphere before it reaches the Earth’s surface. What happens to the linear momentum? Answer: Meteorite burns due to heat produced by frictional force. The linear momentum of the meteorite decreases as a frictional force acts on it.

Question 14. Find the acceleration produced by a force of 2000 N acting on a car of mass 800 kg. Answer: Given, Mass, m =800kg Force, F = 2000 N Using F = ma a = \(\frac{F}{m}\) a = \(\frac{2000}{800}\) = 2.5 m/s 2

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Short Answer Type 1

Question 1. Write down SI unit of (i) force (ii) momentum. Answer:

Question 2. When a person hits a stone, his foot is injured. Why? Answer: When a person hits a stone, the stone exerts an equal force on his foot. Due to this force, his foot gets injured.

Question 3. Why no force is required to move an object with a constant velocity? Answer; We know, F = ma When, velocity is constant, then acceleration, a = 0. Hence, F = 0.

Question 4. Why is it easier to catch a table tennis ball than a cricket ball, even both are moving with the same velocity? Answer: It is easier to catch a table tennis ball because the table tennis ball has less mass (inertia).

Question 5. Write down the expression for the recoil velocity of the gun. Answer: Recoil velocity of gun is given by, \(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{G}}=\frac{m_{b} v_{b}}{\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{G}}}\) m b = mass of bullet m G = mass of gun υ b = velocity of bullet V G = recoil velocity of gun.

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Numericals

Question 6. A car of mass 1000 kg moving with a velocity of 54 km/h hits a wall and comes to rest in 5 seconds. Find the force exerted by the car on the wall. Answer: Given, Mass = 1000 kg Time = 5 s Initial velocity, u = 54 km/h = 15 m/s Final velocity, υ = 0 m/s Time, t = 5s using, F = m a F = m\(\left(\frac{v-u}{t}\right)\) = 1000 \(\left(\frac{0-15}{5}\right)\) = -3000N

Question 7. A body of mass 100g is at rest on a smooth surface. A force of 0.1-newton act on it for 5 seconds. Calculate the distance traveled by the body. Answer: Given, Mass of body = 100 g = 0.1 kg Force, F = 0.1N Time, t = 5s Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s Using formula, F = ma ⇒ a = \(\frac{F}{m}=\frac{0.1}{0.1}\) = 1 m/s 2

Using formula, s = ut + at 2 s = ut + \(\frac {1}{2}\)at 2 ⇒ s = 0 + \(\frac {1}{2}\) x 1 x (5) 2 ∴ s = 12.5 m

Question 8. A bullet of mass 200 g is fired from a gun of mass 10 kg with a velocity of 100 m/s. Calculate the velocity of recoil. Answer: Given, Mass of bullet, m = 200 g = 0.2 kg Massofgun, M = 10 kg Velocity of bullet, V b = 100 m/.s Recoil velocity of gun, V G = \(\frac{m v_{b}}{\mathrm{M}}\) V G = – \(\frac{0.2 \times 100}{10}\) = 2m/s Recoil velocity of gun, V G = 2 m/s

Question 9. Two spheres of masses 20 g and 40 g moving in a straight line in the same direction with velocities of 3 mIs and 2 m/s respectively. They collide with each other and after the collision, the sphere of mass 20 g moves with a velocity of 2.5 miles. Find the velocity of the second ball after confusion. Answer: Given, m 1 = 20 g = 20 x 10 -3 kg m 1 = 40g = 40g x 10 -3 kg u 1 = 3 m/s u 2 = 2 m/s υ 1 = 2.5 m/s Applying conservation of linear momentum, m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 υ 1 + m 2 υ 2 20 x 10 -3 x 3 + 40 x 10 -3 x 2 = 20 x 10 -3 x 2.5 + 40 x 10 -3 x υ 2 υ 2 = 2.25m/s.

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Short Answer Type 2

Question 1. Newton’s first, second, and third law of motion. Answer: Newton’s first law of motion: An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless compelled to change that state by an applied force.

Newton’s second law of motion: The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force.

Newton’s third law of motion: According to the third law of motion to every action, there is an equal opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies.

Question 3. “Action and reaction are equal and opposite but even they do not cancel each other.” Explain, why? Answer: Two equal and opposite forces can cancel each other if they act on the same body. But action and reaction do not act on the same body. They act on two different bodies. Hence cannot cancel each other.

Question 4. Why are the wheels of vehicles provided with mudguards? Answer: The rotating wheels of a vehicle throw out mud sticking to it tangentially due to the inertia of direction. The mudguards stop this mud to fall on another vehicle just moving behind the vehicle.

Question 5. A car weighing 1600 kg moving with a velocity of 30 mIs retards uniformly coming to rest in 20 seconds. Calculate the 1. Initial and final momentum of the car. 2. Rate of change of linear momentum of the car. 3. Acceleration of the car. Answer: Given, mass, m = 1600 kg Initial velocity, u = 30 m/s Final velocity, υ = 0 m/s Time, t = 20s 1. Initial momentum, P i = mu = 1600 x 30 P i = 4800 kg m/s Final momentum, P f = mυ = 1600 x 0 P f = 0 kg m/s

2. Rate of change of linear momentum = \(\frac{P_{f}-P_{i}}{t}\) = \(\frac{0-4800}{20}\) = – 240N a = \(\frac{v-u}{t}\)

3.  Acceleration, \(\frac{0 – 30}{20}\) a = – 1.5 m/s 2 .

Question 6. Using the second law of motion, derive the relation between force and acceleration. A bullet of 10 g strikes a sand-bag at a speed of 10 3 ms 2 and gets embedded after traveling 5 cm. Calculate 1. the resistive force exerted by the sand on the bullet. 2. the time is taken by the bullet to come to rest. Answer: According to the second law of motion, The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied. F ∝ \(\frac{m(v-u)}{t}\) F = \(\frac{km(v-u)}{t}\) ∴ F = kma Take k = 1 in SI system ∴ F = ma

2. From the formula, υ = u + at ⇒  t = \(\frac {υ – u}{a}\) = \(\frac{0-10^{3}}{-10^{7}}\) = 10 -4 s = 0.0001 s

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1. Explain why? (a) A cricket player lowers his hands while catching the ball. (b) The vehicles are fitted with shockers. (c) A karate player breaks the pile of tiles or bricks with a single blow. (d) In a high jump athletic event, the athletes are allowed to fall either on a sand bed or cushioned bed. (e) In a moving car, the drivers and other passengers are advised to wear seat belts. (f) China and glassware are packed with soft materials. (g) Athletes are advised to come to a stop slowly after finishing a fast race. Answer: (a) if a player does not lower his hands while catching the ball, the time to stop the ball is very small. So a large force has to be applied to reduce the velocity of the ball to zero or to change the momentum of the ball. When a player lowers his hands, the time to stop the ball is increased and hence less force has to be applied to cause the same change in the momentum of the ball. Therefore, the hands of the player are not injured.

(b) The vehicles are fitted with shockers (i.e., springs) The floor of a vehicle is cónnected to the lower part of the vehicle by springs or shockers. When the vehicle moves over a rough road, the force due to jerks is transmitted to the floor of the vehicle through the shockers. The shockers increase the time of transmission of the force of jerk to reach the floor of the vehicle. Hence less force is experienced by the passengers in the vehicles.

(c) A karate player can break a pile of tiles with a single blow of his hand because he strikes the pile of tiles with his hand very fast, during which the entire linear momentum of the fast-moving hand is reduced to zero in a very short interval of time. This exerts a very large force on the pile of tiles which is sufficient to break them, by a single blow of his hand.

(d) In a high jump athletic event., the athletes are allowed to fall either on a sand bed or cushioned bed: This is done to increase the time of athletes fall to stop after making the high jump, which decreases the rate of change of linear momentum and decreases the impact.

(e) In a moving car, the drivers and other passengers are advised to wear seat belts: When brakes are applied sudden1y, the passengers of the car fall forward due to the inertia of motion. The seat belt worn by passengers of the car prevents them from falling forward suddenly. This enables the entire linear momentum of the passengers to reduce to zero over a long interval of time, hence it prevents injury.

(f) China and glassware are packed with soft material: China and glassware are wrapped in paper before packing to avoid breakage while transporting. During transportation, there may be collisions due to ta jerks of the packed wares. Soft material like paper slows down their rate of change of linear momentum. As a result, the impact is reduced and items are not broken.

(g) Athletes are advised to come to stop slowly after finishing a fast race: By doing so, he decreases the rate of change of linear momentum by increasing the time interval and hence, reducing the impact, which reduces injury.

Question 2. Explain (a) How do we swim? (b) Why does a gun recoil? (c) It is difficult to walk on sand or ice. (d) The motion of rocket. (e) Why does a fireman struggle to hold a hose-pipe? (f) Rowing of a boat. (g) When a man jumps out from a boat, the boat moves backward. (h) Walking of a person. Answer: (a) While swimming, a swimmer pushes the water backward with his hands (i.e., he applies force in the backward direction, which is known as action.) The reaction offered by the water to the swimmer pushes him forward.

(b) Recoiling of a gun: When a bullet is fired from a gun, it exerts a forward force on the bullet and the bullet exerts an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) force on the gun. Due to the high mass of the gun, it moves a little distance backward and gives a backward jerk to the shoulder of the gunman.

(c) It is difficult to walk on sand or ice: When our feet press the sandy ground in the backward direction, the sand gets pushed away and as a result, we get only a small reaction (forward) from the sandy ground making it difficult to walk.

(d) Rocket propulsion Before firing the rocket, the total linear momentum of the system is zero because the rocket is in the state of rest. When it is fired, chemical fuels inside the rocket are burnt and the hot gases are passed through a nozzle with great speed. According to the law of conservation of linear momentum, the total linear momentum after firing must be equal to zero. As the hot gases gain linear momentum to the rear on leaving the rocket, the rocket acquires equal linear momentum in the upward i.e., opposite direction.

(c) A fireman has to make a great effort to hold a hose-pipe to throw a stream of water on the fire to extinguish it. This is because the stream of water rushing through the hose-pipe in the forward direction with a large speed exerts a large force on the hose-pipe in the backward direction which is known as the reaction force. This reaction force tends to move the hose-pipe in the backward direction. Therefore, a fireman struggles to hold the hose-pipe strongly to keep it at rest.

(f) Rowing of a boat: The boatman during the rowing of a boat pushes the water backward with oars (this is an action of the boatman). According to the third law of motion, water exerts an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) push on the boat which moves it forward (this is a reaction by water). Thus, harder the boatman pushes back the water with oars (i.e., greater is the action), greater is the reaction force exerted by water, and faster the boat moves in the forward direction.

(g) When a man jumps out from a boat, the boat moves backward: When the passengers start jumping out of a rowing boat, they push the boat backward with their feet. The boat exerts an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) force on passengers in the forward direction which enables them to move forward.

(h) Walking of a person: When a person walks on the ground, he pushes the ground with his foot in the backward direction by pressing the ground. This push is known as the action, According to Newton’s third law of motion, an equal and opposite reaction acts on the foot of the person by the ground. This reaction (force) of the ground on the person pushes him forward.

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1. Two balls of the same size but of different materials, rubber and iron are kept on the smooth floor of a moving train. The brakes are applied suddenly to stop the train. Will the balls start rolling? If so, in which direction? Will they move with the same speed? Give reasons for your answer Answer: Yes, both the balls will start rolling in the direction opposite to the motion of the train. The speed of two balls will be different as the inertia of the two balls are different.

Question 2. Two identical bullets are fired on by a light rifle and another by a heavy rifle with the same force. Which rifle will hurt the shoulders more and why? Answer: The light rifles will hurt more as the recoil velocity of the light rifle will be greater.

Question 4. A truck of mass M is moved under a force F. if the truck is then loaded with an object equal to the mass of the truck and the driving force is halved, then how does the acceleration change? Answer: Given, Initially M 1 = M and F 1 = F Finally M 2 = 2M and F 2 =\(\frac {F}{2}\) Hence, a 1 = \(\frac{F_{1}}{M_{1}}\) a 1 = \(\frac{F}{M}\)

and a 2 = \(\frac{F_{2}}{M_{2}}\) a 2 = \(\frac{\mathrm{F}}{2 \times 2 \mathrm{M}}\) = \(\frac{F}{4M}\) \(\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}}=\frac{F / M}{F / 4 M}=4\) a 2 = \(\frac{a_{1}}{4}\) Acceleration will become one fourth.

Question 5. Derive the unit of force using the second law of motion. A force of 5 N produces an acceleration of 8 ms -2 on a mass m 1 and an acceleration of 24 ms -2 on a mass m 2 . What acceleration would the same force provide if both the masses are tied together? Answer: Given, Force, F = 5N a 1 = 8 m/s 2 and a 1 = 24 m/s 2 From formula m 1 = \(\frac{F}{a_{1}}\) = \(\frac{5}{8}\) kg and m 2 = \(\frac{F}{a_{2}}\) = \(\frac{5}{24}\) kg When both the masses tied together a =\(\frac{\mathrm{F}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}\) a = \(\frac{5}{\frac{5}{8}+\frac{5}{24}}\) = 6m/s 2 a = 6m/s 2

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Value Based (VBQs)

Question 1. During a cricket match, a new player Ayush injured his hand while catching the ball. His friend Rudra advised him to catch the ball by lowering his hands backward. When Ayush got another chance to catch the ball, he successfully caught the ball without injuring his hands. Answer the following questions: (a) A cricket player lowers his hands while catching the ball. Explain why. (b) Write down the values shown by Rudra. Answer: (a) If a player does not lower his hands while catching the ball, the time to stop the ball will be very small. So a large force has to applied to reduce the velocity of the ball to zero or to change the momentum of the ball. When a player lowers his hands, the time to stop the ball is increased and hence less force has to be applied to cause the same change in momentum of the ball. Therefore, the hands of the player are not injured.

(b) Rudra is a good person as he helped his friend Ayush. He is a knowledgeable person.

Question 2. During servicing his bike Aman advised the mechanic to oil the shockers for its proper functioning. Answer the following questions: (a) The vehicles are fitted with shockers. Explain why. (b) Write down the values shown by Aman. Answer: (a) The floor of a vehicle is connected to the lower part of the vehicle by springs or shockers. When a vehicle moves over a rough road, the force due to jerks is transmitted to the floor of the vehicle through the shockers. The shockers increase the time of transmission of the force of the jerk to reach the floor of the vehicle. Hence less force is experienced by the passengers in the vehicles. (b) Aman is an intelligent and careful person.

Question 3. Ranjan advised his son Ayush to wear a seat belt while driving the car. Answer the following questions (a) While driving the car, the drivers and other passengers are advised to wear seat belts. Explain why. (b) Write down the values shown by Ranjan. Answer: (a) When brakes are applied suddenly, the passengers of the car fall forward due to the inertia of motion. The seat belt worn by passengers of the car prevents them from falling forward suddenly. This enables the entire linear momentum of the passengers to reduce to zero over a long interval of time, hence it prevents injury. (b) Ranjan is a noble, intelligent, and careful person.

Question asked by Filo student

A is false, but R is true. 15. Assertion (A): The velocity-time graph of an object moving with uniform velocity is a straigh to the time axis. Reason (R): In uniform motion, acceleration is zero. Answer Choices:

• Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A .
• Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A .
• A is true, but R is false.
• A is false, but R is true.

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Updated on: Sep 20, 2024

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