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Research Question Examples 🧑🏻‍🏫

Research Question Examples

Psychology research questions
Business research questions
Education research questions
Healthcare research questions
Computer science research questions

Examples: Psychology

Let’s start by looking at some examples of research questions that you might encounter within the discipline of psychology.

How does sleep quality affect academic performance in university students?

This question is specific to a population (university students) and looks at a direct relationship between sleep and academic performance, both of which are quantifiable and measurable variables.

What factors contribute to the onset of anxiety disorders in adolescents?

The question narrows down the age group and focuses on identifying multiple contributing factors. There are various ways in which it could be approached from a methodological standpoint, including both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Do mindfulness techniques improve emotional well-being?

This is a focused research question aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific intervention.

How does early childhood trauma impact adult relationships?

This research question targets a clear cause-and-effect relationship over a long timescale, making it focused but comprehensive.

Is there a correlation between screen time and depression in teenagers?

This research question focuses on an in-demand current issue and a specific demographic, allowing for a focused investigation. The key variables are clearly stated within the question and can be measured and analysed (i.e., high feasibility).

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Examples: Business/Management

Next, let’s look at some examples of well-articulated research questions within the business and management realm.

How do leadership styles impact employee retention?

This is an example of a strong research question because it directly looks at the effect of one variable (leadership styles) on another (employee retention), allowing from a strongly aligned methodological approach.

What role does corporate social responsibility play in consumer choice?

Current and precise, this research question can reveal how social concerns are influencing buying behaviour by way of a qualitative exploration.

Does remote work increase or decrease productivity in tech companies?

Focused on a particular industry and a hot topic, this research question could yield timely, actionable insights that would have high practical value in the real world.

How do economic downturns affect small businesses in the homebuilding industry?

Vital for policy-making, this highly specific research question aims to uncover the challenges faced by small businesses within a certain industry.

Which employee benefits have the greatest impact on job satisfaction?

By being straightforward and specific, answering this research question could provide tangible insights to employers.

Examples: Education

Next, let’s look at some potential research questions within the education, training and development domain.

How does class size affect students’ academic performance in primary schools?

This example research question targets two clearly defined variables, which can be measured and analysed relatively easily.

Do online courses result in better retention of material than traditional courses?

Timely, specific and focused, answering this research question can help inform educational policy and personal choices about learning formats.

What impact do US public school lunches have on student health?

Targeting a specific, well-defined context, the research could lead to direct changes in public health policies.

To what degree does parental involvement improve academic outcomes in secondary education in the Midwest?

This research question focuses on a specific context (secondary education in the Midwest) and has clearly defined constructs.

What are the negative effects of standardised tests on student learning within Oklahoma primary schools?

This research question has a clear focus (negative outcomes) and is narrowed into a very specific context.

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Examples: Healthcare

Shifting to a different field, let’s look at some examples of research questions within the healthcare space.

What are the most effective treatments for chronic back pain amongst UK senior males?

Specific and solution-oriented, this research question focuses on clear variables and a well-defined context (senior males within the UK).

How do different healthcare policies affect patient satisfaction in public hospitals in South Africa?

This question is has clearly defined variables and is narrowly focused in terms of context.

Which factors contribute to obesity rates in urban areas within California?

This question is focused yet broad, aiming to reveal several contributing factors for targeted interventions.

Does telemedicine provide the same perceived quality of care as in-person visits for diabetes patients?

Ideal for a qualitative study, this research question explores a single construct (perceived quality of care) within a well-defined sample (diabetes patients).

Which lifestyle factors have the greatest affect on the risk of heart disease?

This research question aims to uncover modifiable factors, offering preventive health recommendations.

Examples: Computer Science

Last but certainly not least, let’s look at a few examples of research questions within the computer science world.

What are the perceived risks of cloud-based storage systems?

Highly relevant in our digital age, this research question would align well with a qualitative interview approach to better understand what users feel the key risks of cloud storage are.

Which factors affect the energy efficiency of data centres in Ohio?

With a clear focus, this research question lays a firm foundation for a quantitative study.

How do TikTok algorithms impact user behaviour amongst new graduates?

While this research question is more open-ended, it could form the basis for a qualitative investigation.

What are the perceived risk and benefits of open-source software software within the web design industry?

Practical and straightforward, the results could guide both developers and end-users in their choices.

Remember, these are just examples…

In this post, we’ve tried to provide a wide range of research question examples to help you get a feel for what research questions look like in practice. That said, it’s important to remember that these are just examples and don’t necessarily equate to good research topics . If you’re still trying to find a topic, check out our topic megalist for inspiration.

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415 Research Question Examples Across 15 Disciplines

A research question is a clearly formulated query that delineates the scope and direction of an investigation. It serves as the guiding light for scholars, helping them to dissect, analyze, and comprehend complex phenomena. Beyond merely seeking answers, a well-crafted research question ensures that the exploration remains focused and goal-oriented.

The significance of framing a clear, concise, and researchable question cannot be overstated. A well-defined question not only clarifies the objective of the research but also determines the methodologies and tools a researcher will employ. A concise question ensures precision, eliminating the potential for ambiguity or misinterpretation. Furthermore, the question must be researchable—posing a question that is too broad, too subjective, or unanswerable can lead to inconclusive results or an endless loop of investigation. In essence, the foundation of any meaningful academic endeavor rests on the articulation of a compelling and achievable research question.

Research questions can be categorized based on their intent and the nature of the information they seek. Recognizing the different types is essential for crafting an effective inquiry and guiding the research process. Let's delve into the various categories:

Descriptive Research Questions: These types of questions aim to outline and characterize specific phenomena or attributes. They seek to provide a clear picture of a situation or context without necessarily diving into causal relationships. For instance, a question like "What are the main symptoms of the flu?" is descriptive as it seeks to list the symptoms.
Explanatory (or Causal) Research Questions: Explanatory questions delve deeper, trying to uncover the reasons or causes behind certain phenomena. They are particularly common in experimental research where researchers are attempting to establish cause-and-effect relationships. An example might be, "Does smoking increase the risk of lung cancer?"
Exploratory Research Questions: As the name suggests, these questions are used when researchers are entering uncharted territories. They are designed to gather preliminary information on topics that haven't been studied extensively. A question like "How do emerging technologies impact remote tribal communities?" can be seen as exploratory if there's limited existing research on the topic.
Comparative Research Questions: These questions are formulated when the objective is to compare two or more groups, conditions, or variables. Comparative questions might look like "How do test scores differ between students who study regularly and those who cram?"
Predictive Research Questions: The goal here is to forecast or predict potential outcomes based on certain variables or conditions. Predictive research might pose questions such as "Based on current climate trends, how will average global temperatures change by 2050?"

Here are examples of research questions across various disciplines, shedding light on queries that stimulate intellectual curiosity and advancement. In this post, we will delve into disciplines ranging from the Natural Sciences, such as Physics and Biology, to the Social Sciences, including Sociology and Anthropology, as well as the Humanities, like Literature and Philosophy. We'll also explore questions from fields as varied as Health Sciences, Engineering, Business, Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Education, Law, Agriculture, Arts, Computer Science, Architecture, and Languages. This comprehensive overview aims to illustrate the breadth and depth of inquiries that shape our world of knowledge.

Agriculture and forestry examples

Architecture and planning examples, arts and design examples, business and finance examples, computer science and informatics examples, education examples, engineering and technology examples, environmental sciences examples, health sciences examples, humanities examples, languages and linguistics examples, law examples, mathematics and statistics examples, natural sciences examples, social sciences examples.

Descriptive: What are the primary factors that influence crop yield in temperate climates?
Explanatory: Why do certain soil types yield higher grain production than others?
Exploratory: How might new organic farming techniques influence soil health over a decade?
Comparative: How do the growth rates differ between genetically modified and traditional corn crops?
Predictive: Based on current climate models, how will changing rain patterns impact wheat production in the next 20 years?

Animal science

Descriptive: What are the common behavioral traits of domesticated cattle in grass-fed conditions?
Explanatory: Why do certain breeds of chickens have a higher egg production rate?
Exploratory: What potential benefits could arise from integrating tech wearables in livestock management?
Comparative: How does the milk yield differ between Holstein and Jersey cows when given the same diet?
Predictive: How might increasing global temperatures influence the reproductive cycles of swine?

Aquaculture

Descriptive: What are the most commonly farmed fish species in Southeast Asia?
Explanatory: Why do shrimp farms have a higher disease outbreak rate compared to fish farms?
Exploratory: How might innovative recirculating aquaculture systems revolutionize the industry's environmental impact?
Comparative: How do growth rates of salmon differ between open-net pens and land-based tanks?
Predictive: What will be the impact of ocean acidification on mollusk farming over the next three decades?
Descriptive: What tree species dominate the temperate rainforests of North America?
Explanatory: Why are certain tree species more resistant to pest infestations?
Exploratory: What are the potential benefits of integrating drone technology in forest health monitoring?
Comparative: How do deforestation rates compare between legally protected and unprotected areas in the Amazon?
Predictive: Given increasing global demand for timber, how might tree populations in Siberia change in the next half-century?

Horticulture

Descriptive: What are the common characteristics of plants suitable for urban vertical farming?
Explanatory: Why do roses require specific pH levels in the soil for optimal growth?
Exploratory: What potential methods might promote year-round vegetable farming in colder regions?
Comparative: How does fruit yield differ between traditionally planted orchards and high-density planting systems?
Predictive: How might changing global temperatures affect wine grape production in traditional regions?

Soil science

Descriptive: What are the main components of loamy soil?
Explanatory: Why does clay-rich soil retain more water compared to sandy soil?
Exploratory: How might biochar applications transform nutrient availability in degraded soils?
Comparative: How do nutrient levels vary between soils managed with organic versus inorganic fertilizers?
Predictive: Based on current farming practices, how will soil quality in the Midwest U.S. evolve over the next 30 years?

Architectural design

Descriptive: What are the dominant architectural styles of public buildings constructed in the 21st century?
Explanatory: Why do certain architectural elements from classical periods continue to influence modern designs?
Exploratory: How might sustainable materials revolutionize the future of architectural design?
Comparative: How do energy consumption levels differ between buildings with passive design elements and those without?
Predictive: Based on urbanization trends, how will the design of residential buildings evolve in the next two decades?

Landscape architecture

Descriptive: What are the primary components of a successful urban park design?
Explanatory: Why do certain types of vegetation promote greater biodiversity in urban settings?
Exploratory: What innovative techniques can be employed to restore and integrate wetlands into urban landscapes?
Comparative: How does visitor satisfaction vary between nature-inspired landscapes and more structured, geometric designs?
Predictive: With the effects of climate change, how might coastal landscape architecture adapt to rising sea levels over the coming century?

Urban planning

Descriptive: What are the main components of a pedestrian-friendly city center?
Explanatory: Why do certain urban layouts promote more efficient traffic flow than others?
Exploratory: How might the integration of vertical farming impact urban food security and cityscape aesthetics?
Comparative: How do the air quality levels differ between cities with green belts and those without?
Predictive: Based on increasing telecommuting trends, how will urban planning strategies adjust to potentially reduced daily commutes in the future?

Graphic design

Descriptive: What are the prevailing typography trends in modern branding?
Explanatory: Why do certain color schemes evoke specific emotions or perceptions in consumers?
Exploratory: How is augmented reality reshaping the landscape of interactive graphic design?
Comparative: How do print and digital designs differ in terms of elements and principles when targeting a young adult audience?
Predictive: Based on evolving digital platforms, what are potential future trends in web design aesthetics?

Industrial design

Descriptive: What characterizes the ergonomic features of leading office chairs in the market?
Explanatory: Why have minimalist designs become more prevalent in consumer electronics over the past decade?
Exploratory: How might bio-inspired design influence the future of transportation vehicles?
Comparative: How does user satisfaction differ between traditional versus modular product designs?
Predictive: Given the push towards sustainability, how will material selection evolve in the next decade of product design?

Multimedia arts

Descriptive: What techniques define the most popular virtual reality (VR) experiences currently available?
Explanatory: Why do certain sound designs enhance immersion in video games more effectively than others?
Exploratory: How might holographic technologies revolutionize stage performances or public installations in the future?
Comparative: How do user engagement levels differ between 2D animations and 3D animations in educational platforms?
Predictive: With the rise of augmented reality (AR) wearables, what might be the next frontier in multimedia art installations?

Performing arts

Descriptive: What styles of dance are currently predominant in global theater productions?
Explanatory: Why do certain rhythms or beats universally resonate with audiences across cultures?
Exploratory: How might digital avatars or AI entities play roles in future theatrical performances?
Comparative: How does audience reception differ between traditional plays and experimental, interactive performances?
Predictive: Considering global digitalization, how might virtual theaters redefine the experience of live performances in the future?

Visual arts

Descriptive: What themes are prevalent in contemporary art exhibitions worldwide?
Explanatory: Why have mixed media installations gained prominence in the 21st-century art scene?
Exploratory: How is the intersection of technology and art opening new mediums or platforms for artists?
Comparative: How do traditional painting techniques, such as oil and watercolor, contrast in terms of texture and luminosity?
Predictive: With the evolution of digital art platforms, how might the definition and appreciation of "original" artworks change in the coming years?

Entrepreneurship

Descriptive: What are the main challenges faced by startups in the tech industry?
Explanatory: Why do some entrepreneurial ventures succeed while others fail within their first five years?
Exploratory: How are emerging digital platforms reshaping the entrepreneurial landscape?
Comparative: How do funding opportunities for entrepreneurs differ between North America and Europe?
Predictive: What sectors are predicted to see the most startup growth in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary sources of external funding for large corporations?
Explanatory: Why did the stock market experience a significant drop in Q4 2022?
Exploratory: How might blockchain technology revolutionize the future of banking?
Comparative: How do the financial markets in developing countries compare to those in developed countries?
Predictive: Based on current economic indicators, what is the forecasted health of the global economy for the next five years?

Human resources

Descriptive: What are the most sought-after employee benefits in the tech industry?
Explanatory: Why is there a high turnover rate in the retail sector?
Exploratory: How might the rise of remote work affect HR practices in the next decade?
Comparative: How do HR practices in multinational corporations differ from those in local companies?
Predictive: What skills will be in highest demand in the workforce by 2030?
Descriptive: What are the core responsibilities of middle management in large manufacturing firms?
Explanatory: Why do some management strategies fail in diverse cultural environments?
Exploratory: How are companies adapting their management structures in response to the gig economy?
Comparative: How does management style in Eastern companies compare with Western businesses?
Predictive: How might artificial intelligence reshape management practices in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the most effective digital marketing channels for e-commerce businesses?
Explanatory: Why did a particular viral marketing campaign succeed in reaching a global audience?
Exploratory: How might virtual reality change the landscape of product advertising?
Comparative: How do marketing strategies differ between B2B and B2C sectors?
Predictive: What consumer behaviors are forecasted to dominate online shopping trends in the next five years?

Operations research

Descriptive: What are the primary optimization techniques used in supply chain management?
Explanatory: Why do certain optimization algorithms perform better in specific industries?
Exploratory: How can quantum computing impact the future of operations research?
Comparative: How does operations strategy differ between service and manufacturing industries?
Predictive: Based on current technological advancements, how might automation reshape supply chain strategies by 2035?

Artificial intelligence

Descriptive: What are the primary algorithms used in deep learning?
Explanatory: Why do certain neural network architectures outperform others in image recognition tasks?
Exploratory: How might quantum computing influence the development of AI models?
Comparative: How do reinforcement learning methods compare to supervised learning in game playing scenarios?
Predictive: Based on current trends, how will AI impact the job market over the next decade?

Cybersecurity

Descriptive: What are the most common types of cyberattacks reported in 2022?
Explanatory: Why are certain industries more vulnerable to ransomware attacks?
Exploratory: How might advances in quantum computing challenge existing encryption methods?
Comparative: How do open-source software vulnerabilities compare to those in proprietary systems?
Predictive: Given emerging technologies, what types of cyber threats will likely dominate in the next five years?

Data science

Descriptive: What are the main tools used by data scientists in large-scale data analysis?
Explanatory: Why does algorithm X yield more accurate predictions than algorithm Y for certain datasets?
Exploratory: How can machine learning models improve real-time data processing in IoT devices?
Comparative: How does the performance of traditional statistical models compare to machine learning models in predicting stock prices?
Predictive: Based on current data trends, what industries will likely benefit the most from data analytics advancements in the coming decade?

Information systems

Descriptive: What are the core components of a modern enterprise resource planning (ERP) system?
Explanatory: Why have cloud-based information systems seen a rapid adoption rate in recent years?
Exploratory: How might the integration of blockchain technology revolutionize supply chain information systems?
Comparative: How do information system strategies differ between e-commerce and brick-and-mortar retailers?
Predictive: Given the rise of remote work, how will information systems evolve to support decentralized teams in the future?

Software engineering

Descriptive: What are the standard practices in agile software development?
Explanatory: Why do some software projects face significant delays despite rigorous planning?
Exploratory: How are emerging programming languages shaping the future of software development?
Comparative: How does the software development lifecycle in startup environments compare to that in large corporations?
Predictive: Based on current development trends, which software platforms are forecasted to dominate market share by 2030?

Adult education

Descriptive: What are the primary motivations behind adults seeking further education later in life?
Explanatory: Why do some adult education programs have a higher success rate compared to others?
Exploratory: How might online learning platforms revolutionize adult education in the next decade?
Comparative: How do adult education methodologies differ from traditional collegiate teaching techniques?
Predictive: Given current trends, how will the demand for adult education courses change in the upcoming years?

Curriculum studies

Descriptive: What are the core components of a modern high school curriculum in the United States?
Explanatory: Why have certain subjects, like financial literacy, become more emphasized in recent curriculum updates?
Exploratory: How can interdisciplinary studies be better incorporated into traditional curricula?
Comparative: How does the math curriculum in the US compare to that in other developed countries?
Predictive: Based on pedagogical research, what subjects are forecasted to gain prominence in curricula over the next decade?

Educational administration

Descriptive: What are the main responsibilities of a school principal in large urban schools?
Explanatory: Why do some schools consistently perform better in standardized testing than others, despite similar resources?
Exploratory: How might emerging technologies shape the administrative tasks of educational institutions in the future?
Comparative: How does school administration differ between private and public educational institutions?
Predictive: Given the rise of online education, how will the role of educational administrators evolve in the coming years?

Educational psychology

Descriptive: What cognitive strategies are commonly used by students to enhance memory retention during studies?
Explanatory: Why do certain teaching methodologies resonate better with students having specific learning styles?
Exploratory: How can insights from behavioral psychology improve student engagement in virtual classrooms?
Comparative: How does the motivation level of students differ between self-paced versus instructor-led courses?
Predictive: With the increasing integration of technology in education, how will student learning behaviors change in the next decade?

Special education

Descriptive: What interventions are commonly used to support students with autism spectrum disorders in inclusive classrooms?
Explanatory: Why do some special education programs yield better academic outcomes for students with specific learning disabilities?
Exploratory: How can augmented reality technologies be utilized to enhance learning for students with visual impairments?
Comparative: How does special education support differ between urban and rural school districts?
Predictive: Based on advancements in assistive technologies, how will the landscape of special education transform in the near future?

Aerospace engineering

Descriptive: What are the key materials and technologies utilized in modern spacecraft design?
Explanatory: Why are certain alloys preferred in high-temperature aerospace applications?
Exploratory: How might advances in propulsion technologies revolutionize space travel in the next decade?
Comparative: How do commercial aircraft designs differ from military aircraft designs in terms of aerodynamics?
Predictive: Given current research trends, how will the efficiency of jet engines change in the upcoming years?

Biomedical engineering

Descriptive: What are the foundational principles behind the design of modern prosthetic limbs?
Explanatory: Why have bio-compatible materials like titanium become crucial in implantable medical devices?
Exploratory: How can nanotechnology be leveraged to improve drug delivery systems in the future?
Comparative: How do MRI machines differ from CT scanners in terms of their underlying technology and application?
Predictive: Based on emerging trends, how will wearable health monitors evolve in the next decade?

Chemical engineering

Descriptive: What processes are involved in the large-scale production of ethylene?
Explanatory: Why is distillation the most common separation method in the petroleum industry?
Exploratory: How might green chemistry principles transform traditional chemical manufacturing processes?
Comparative: How does the production of biofuels compare to traditional fossil fuels in terms of yield and environmental impact?
Predictive: Given global sustainability goals, how will the chemical industry's reliance on fossil resources shift in the future?

Civil engineering

Descriptive: What are the primary considerations in the structural design of skyscrapers in earthquake-prone regions?
Explanatory: Why are steel-reinforced concrete beams commonly used in bridge construction?
Exploratory: How can smart city concepts influence the infrastructure planning of urban centers in the future?
Comparative: How do tunneling methods differ between soft soil and hard rock terrains?
Predictive: With the increasing threat of climate change, how will coastal infrastructure design criteria change to account for rising sea levels?

Computer engineering

Descriptive: What are the main components of a modern central processing unit (CPU) and their functions?
Explanatory: Why is silicon predominantly used in semiconductor manufacturing?
Exploratory: How might quantum computing redefine the landscape of traditional computing architectures?
Comparative: How do solid-state drives (SSDs) compare to traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) in terms of performance and longevity?
Predictive: Given advancements in chip miniaturization, how will the form factor of consumer electronics evolve in the coming years?

Electrical engineering

Descriptive: What are the standard stages involved in the transmission and distribution of electrical power?
Explanatory: Why are transformers essential in the power distribution network?
Exploratory: How can emerging smart grid technologies improve the efficiency and reliability of electrical distribution systems?
Comparative: How do AC and DC transmission methods differ in terms of efficiency and infrastructure requirements?
Predictive: With the rise of renewable energy sources, how will power grid management complexities change in the next decade?

Mechanical engineering

Descriptive: What are the fundamental principles behind the operation of a four-stroke internal combustion engine?
Explanatory: Why are certain polymers used as vibration dampeners in machinery?
Exploratory: How might advancements in materials science impact the design of future automotive systems?
Comparative: How do hydraulic systems compare to pneumatic systems in terms of energy efficiency and application?
Predictive: With the push towards sustainability, how will traditional manufacturing methods evolve to reduce their carbon footprint?

Climatology

Descriptive: What are the primary factors that influence the El Niño and La Niña phenomena?
Explanatory: Why have certain regions experienced more intense and frequent heatwaves in the past decade?
Exploratory: How might changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations impact global wind patterns in the future?
Comparative: How do urban areas differ from rural areas in terms of microclimate conditions?
Predictive: Given current greenhouse gas emission trends, what will be the average global temperature increase by the end of the century?

Conservation science

Descriptive: What are the primary threats faced by tropical rainforests around the world?
Explanatory: Why are certain species more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation than others?
Exploratory: How can community involvement enhance conservation efforts in protected areas?
Comparative: How does the effectiveness of in-situ conservation compare to ex-situ conservation for endangered species?
Predictive: If current deforestation rates continue, how many species are predicted to go extinct in the next 50 years?
Descriptive: What are the dominant flora and fauna in a temperate deciduous forest biome?
Explanatory: Why do certain ecosystems, like wetlands, have higher biodiversity than others?
Exploratory: How might the spread of invasive species alter nutrient cycling in freshwater lakes?
Comparative: How do the trophic dynamics of grassland ecosystems differ from those of desert ecosystems?
Predictive: How will global ecosystems change if bee populations continue to decline at current rates?

Environmental health

Descriptive: What are the major pollutants found in urban air?
Explanatory: Why do certain pollutants cause respiratory diseases in humans?
Exploratory: How might green building designs reduce the health risks associated with indoor air pollutants?
Comparative: How do the health impacts of living near coal-fired power plants compare to living near nuclear power plants?
Predictive: Given increasing urbanization trends, how will air quality in major cities change over the next two decades?

Marine biology

Descriptive: What are the primary species that comprise a coral reef ecosystem?
Explanatory: Why are coral reefs particularly sensitive to changes in sea temperature?
Exploratory: How might deep-sea exploration reveal unknown marine species and their adaptations?
Comparative: How do the feeding strategies of pelagic fish differ from benthic fish in oceanic ecosystems?
Predictive: If ocean acidification trends continue, what will be the impact on shell-forming marine organisms in the next 30 years?
Descriptive: What are the most common oral health issues faced by elderly individuals?
Explanatory: Why do sugary foods lead to a higher prevalence of cavities?
Exploratory: How might emerging technologies revolutionize dental procedures in the coming decade?
Comparative: How do the effects of electric toothbrushes compare to manual ones in reducing plaque?
Predictive: Given current trends, how might the prevalence of gum diseases change in populations with increased sugar consumption over the next decade?

Kinesiology

Descriptive: What are the primary physiological changes that occur during aerobic exercise?
Explanatory: Why do some athletes experience muscle cramps during extensive physical activity?
Exploratory: How might different stretching routines impact athletic performance?
Comparative: How do the biomechanics of running on a treadmill differ from running outdoors?
Predictive: If sedentary lifestyles continue to rise, what could be the potential impact on musculoskeletal health in the next 20 years?
Descriptive: What are the main symptoms associated with the early stages of Parkinson's disease?
Explanatory: Why are some viruses, like the flu, more prevalent in colder months?
Exploratory: How might genetic editing technologies, like CRISPR, be utilized to treat hereditary diseases in the future?
Comparative: How does the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy compare to targeted therapy in treating certain cancers?
Predictive: Given advances in telemedicine, how might patient-doctor interactions evolve over the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary responsibilities of nurses in intensive care units?
Explanatory: Why is there a higher burnout rate among nurses compared to other healthcare professionals?
Exploratory: How can training programs be improved to better equip nurses for challenges in emergency situations?
Comparative: How does the patient recovery rate differ when cared for by specialized nurses versus general ward nurses?
Predictive: How will the role of nurses change with the integration of more AI-based diagnostic tools in hospitals?
Descriptive: What are the main nutritional components of a Mediterranean diet?
Explanatory: Why does a diet high in processed sugars lead to increased risks of type 2 diabetes?
Exploratory: How might gut microbiota be influenced by various diets and what are the potential health implications?
Comparative: How does the nutritional profile of plant-based proteins compare to animal-based proteins?
Predictive: If global meat consumption trends continue, what could be the implications for population-wide nutritional health in 30 years?
Descriptive: What are the primary active ingredients in over-the-counter pain relievers?
Explanatory: Why do certain medications cause drowsiness as a side effect?
Exploratory: How might nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems enhance the efficacy of certain treatments?
Comparative: How do the effects of generic drugs compare to their brand-name counterparts?
Predictive: Given the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, how might pharmaceutical approaches to bacterial infections change in the future?

Public health

Descriptive: What are the main factors contributing to public health disparities in urban vs rural areas?
Explanatory: Why did certain regions have higher transmission rates during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Exploratory: How can community engagement strategies be optimized for more effective health campaigns?
Comparative: How do vaccination rates and outcomes differ between countries with public vs private healthcare systems?
Predictive: Based on current trends, how will global public health challenges evolve over the next 50 years?

Art history

Descriptive: What are the primary artistic styles observed in the Renaissance era?
Explanatory: Why did the Baroque art movement emerge after the Renaissance?
Exploratory: How might newly discovered ancient art pieces reshape our understanding of prehistoric artistic practices?
Comparative: How does European Romantic art differ from Asian Romantic art of the same period?
Predictive: Given current trends, how might digital art impact traditional art gallery setups in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary themes in Homer's "Odyssey"?
Explanatory: Why did Greek tragedies place a strong emphasis on the concept of fate?
Exploratory: Are there undiscovered works that might provide more insight into daily life in ancient Rome?
Comparative: How do Roman epics compare to their Greek counterparts in terms of character development?
Predictive: How will emerging technologies like virtual reality affect the study of ancient ruins?

Cultural studies

Descriptive: How is the concept of family portrayed in contemporary American media?
Explanatory: Why has the influence of Western culture grown in certain Eastern countries over the last century?
Exploratory: What are the emerging subcultures in the digital age and how do they communicate?
Comparative: How does the representation of masculinity vary between Eastern and Western films?
Predictive: In what ways might globalization affect cultural identities in the next two decades?
Descriptive: What events led to the fall of the Berlin Wall?
Explanatory: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
Exploratory: Are there undocumented civilizational interactions in ancient times that new archaeological findings might reveal?
Comparative: How did the responses to the Black Plague differ between European and Asian nations?
Predictive: Given historical patterns, how might major global powers react to dwindling natural resources in the future?
Descriptive: What are the main narrative techniques used in James Joyce's "Ulysses"?
Explanatory: Why did the Gothic novel become popular in 19th-century England?
Exploratory: How might translations of ancient texts reveal different interpretations based on the translator's cultural background?
Comparative: How does the portrayal of war differ between post-WWII American and French literature?
Predictive: How might the rise of AI-authored literature change the publishing industry?
Descriptive: What are the core principles of existentialism as described by Jean-Paul Sartre?
Explanatory: Why did the philosophy of existentialism gain prominence post-WWII?
Exploratory: How might ancient Eastern philosophies provide insights into modern ethical dilemmas surrounding technology?
Comparative: How does Nietzsche's concept of the "Ubermensch" compare to Aristotle's "virtuous person"?
Predictive: As AI becomes more prevalent, how might philosophical discussions around consciousness evolve?

Religious studies

Descriptive: What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
Explanatory: Why did Protestantism emerge within Christianity during the 16th century?
Exploratory: Are there common motifs in creation myths across various religions?
Comparative: How do concepts of the afterlife compare between Christianity, Buddhism, and Ancient Egyptian beliefs?
Predictive: How might interfaith dialogue shape religious practices in multi-faith societies over the next decade?

Classic languages

Descriptive: What are the primary grammatical structures in Ancient Greek?
Explanatory: Why did Latin play a foundational role in the development of many modern European languages?
Exploratory: Are there yet-to-be-deciphered scripts from ancient civilizations that might provide insight into lost languages?
Comparative: How do the verb conjugation patterns in Latin compare to those in Sanskrit?
Predictive: Given the ongoing research in classical studies, how might our understanding of certain ancient texts change in the next decade?

Comparative literature

Descriptive: What are the main themes in Japanese Haiku and English Sonnets?
Explanatory: Why do certain folklore tales appear with variations across different cultures?
Exploratory: How might newly translated works from lesser-known languages reshape the world literature canon?
Comparative: How does the role of the tragic hero in French literature differ from its portrayal in Russian literature?
Predictive: As global communication becomes more interconnected, how might the study of world literature evolve in universities?

Modern languages

Descriptive: What are the primary tonal patterns observed in Mandarin Chinese?
Explanatory: Why has English become a dominant lingua franca in international business and diplomacy?
Exploratory: Which lesser-studied languages might become more prominent due to socio-political changes in their regions?
Comparative: How do the grammatical complexities of Russian compare to those of German?
Predictive: Given current global trends, which languages are predicted to become more widely spoken in the next two decades?
Descriptive: What are the primary articulatory features of plosive sounds?
Explanatory: Why do certain accents develop specific pitch fluctuations and intonations?
Exploratory: How do various environmental factors affect vocal cord vibrations and sound production?
Comparative: How does the pronunciation of fricatives differ between Spanish and Portuguese speakers?
Predictive: How might advancements in voice recognition technology influence phonetics research in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary signs and symbols used in American road signage?
Explanatory: Why do red roses universally symbolize love or passion in many cultures?
Exploratory: Are there emerging symbols in digital communication that could become universally recognized signs in the future?
Comparative: How do the semiotic structures in print advertisements differ between Western and Eastern cultures?
Predictive: As emoji usage becomes more widespread, how might they impact written language semantics in the coming years?
Descriptive: What are the key statutes governing tenant rights in residential leases?
Explanatory: Why do personal injury claims vary significantly in settlement amounts even under similar circumstances?
Exploratory: How might alternative dispute resolution mechanisms evolve in civil law contexts over the next decade?
Comparative: How do defamation laws differ between jurisdictions that adopt the British common law system versus the Napoleonic code?
Predictive: How might the rise of online transactions affect the volume and nature of civil law cases related to contract disputes?

Constitutional law

Descriptive: What are the main principles enshrined in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution?
Explanatory: Why have some constitutional rights been subject to varying interpretations over time?
Exploratory: Are there emerging debates around digital rights and freedoms that might reshape constitutional interpretations in the future?
Comparative: How does the protection of freedom of speech differ between the U.S. Constitution and the German Basic Law?
Predictive: Given global socio-political trends, how might constitutional democracies adjust their foundational texts in the next two decades?

Corporate law

Descriptive: What are the primary duties and liabilities of a board of directors in a publicly traded company?
Explanatory: Why do mergers and acquisitions often involve extensive due diligence processes?
Exploratory: How might the rise of digital currencies impact the regulatory landscape for corporations in the finance sector?
Comparative: How does the legal framework for shareholder rights in the U.S. compare to that of Japan?
Predictive: How might changing global trade dynamics influence corporate structuring and international partnerships?

Criminal law

Descriptive: What constitutes first-degree murder in the majority of jurisdictions?
Explanatory: Why are certain offenses classified as misdemeanors while others are felonies?
Exploratory: Are there emerging patterns in cybercrime that suggest new areas of legal vulnerability?
Comparative: How does the treatment of juvenile offenders differ between Scandinavian countries and the U.S.?
Predictive: Given advancements in technology, how might criminal law evolve to address potential misuses of artificial intelligence?

International law

Descriptive: What are the foundational principles of the Geneva Conventions?
Explanatory: Why have some nations refused to recognize or be bound by certain international treaties?
Exploratory: How might global climate change reshape international agreements and treaties in the coming years?
Comparative: How do regional trade agreements in Africa compare to those in Southeast Asia in terms of provisions and enforcement mechanisms?
Predictive: How might geopolitical shifts influence the role and effectiveness of international courts in resolving state disputes?

Applied mathematics

Descriptive: What are the primary mathematical models used to predict the spread of infectious diseases?
Explanatory: Why does the Navier–Stokes equation play a pivotal role in fluid dynamics?
Exploratory: How might new computational methods enhance the efficiency of existing algorithms in applied mathematics?
Comparative: How do optimization techniques in operations research differ from those in machine learning applications?
Predictive: Given the rapid growth of quantum computing, how might it reshape the landscape of applied mathematical problems in the next decade?

Applied statistics

Descriptive: What are the standard procedures for handling missing data in a large-scale survey?
Explanatory: Why do statisticians use bootstrapping techniques in hypothesis testing?
Exploratory: How might emerging data sources, like wearables and IoT devices, introduce new challenges and opportunities in applied statistics?
Comparative: How does the performance of Bayesian methods compare to frequentist methods in complex hierarchical models?
Predictive: With the increasing availability of big data, how might the role of applied statisticians evolve in the next five years?

Pure mathematics

Descriptive: What are the axioms underpinning Euclidean geometry?
Explanatory: Why is Gödel's incompleteness theorem considered a foundational result in the philosophy of mathematics?
Exploratory: Are there newly emerging areas of study within number theory due to advancements in computational mathematics?
Comparative: How do algebraic structures differ between rings and fields?
Predictive: Considering current research trends, what areas of pure mathematics are poised for significant breakthroughs in the next decade?

Theoretical statistics

Descriptive: What foundational principles underlie the Central Limit Theorem?
Explanatory: Why is the concept of sufficiency crucial in the design of statistical tests?
Exploratory: How might advances in artificial intelligence influence theoretical developments in statistical inference?
Comparative: How do likelihood-based inference methods compare to Bayesian methods in terms of theoretical underpinnings?
Predictive: As data generation mechanisms evolve, how might the theoretical foundations of statistics need to adapt in the future?
Descriptive: What are the key features and behaviors of black holes?
Explanatory: Why does the expansion of the universe appear to be accelerating?
Exploratory: What potential insights might the study of exoplanets provide about the conditions necessary for life?
Comparative: How do the properties of spiral galaxies differ from those of elliptical galaxies?
Predictive: Based on current data, what are the projected future behaviors of our sun as it ages?
Descriptive: What are the primary functions and structures of ribosomes in a cell?
Explanatory: Why does DNA replication occur semi-conservatively?
Exploratory: How might emerging technologies like CRISPR redefine our understanding of genetic engineering?
Comparative: How do the metabolic processes of prokaryotic cells differ from those of eukaryotic cells?
Predictive: Given the current trajectory of climate change, how might the biodiversity in tropical rainforests be affected over the next century?
Descriptive: What are the key properties and uses of the noble gases?
Explanatory: Why do exothermic reactions release heat?
Exploratory: How might advances in nanochemistry influence drug delivery systems?
Comparative: How do ionic bonds differ in strength and characteristics from covalent bonds?
Predictive: Considering the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, how might the field of medicinal chemistry adapt to produce effective treatments in the future?

Earth science

Descriptive: What are the primary layers of Earth's atmosphere and their respective characteristics?
Explanatory: Why do certain regions experience more seismic activity than others?
Exploratory: How might the study of ancient ice cores provide insights into past climate conditions?
Comparative: How do the processes of weathering differ between arid and humid climates?
Predictive: Given current data on deforestation, what could be its impact on global soil quality and erosion patterns over the next 50 years?
Descriptive: What are the fundamental principles underlying quantum mechanics?
Explanatory: Why does the speed of light in a vacuum remain constant regardless of the observer's frame of reference?
Exploratory: How might studies in string theory reshape our understanding of the universe at the smallest scales?
Comparative: How do the effects of general relativity contrast with predictions from Newtonian physics under extreme gravitational conditions?
Predictive: With advancements in particle physics, what potential new particles or phenomena might be discovered in the next decade?

Anthropology

Descriptive: What are the primary rituals and customs of the indigenous tribes of the Amazon?
Explanatory: Why did the ancient Mayan civilization collapse?
Exploratory: How might modern urbanization impact the preservation of ancient burial sites?
Comparative: How do hunter-gatherer societies differ from agricultural societies in terms of social structures?
Predictive: Given global trends, how might indigenous cultures evolve over the next century?

Communication

Descriptive: What are the main modes of communication used by millennials compared to baby boomers?
Explanatory: Why has the usage of social media platforms surged in the last two decades?
Exploratory: How might advancements in virtual reality reshape interpersonal communication in the future?
Comparative: How do written communication skills differ between those educated in traditional schools versus online schools?
Predictive: How might the nature of journalism change with the rise of automated content generation?
Descriptive: What are the primary components of a nation's gross domestic product (GDP)?
Explanatory: Why did the economic recession of 2008 occur?
Exploratory: How might the concept of universal basic income impact labor market dynamics?
Comparative: How do free market economies differ from command economies in terms of resource allocation?
Predictive: Based on current global economic trends, which industries are predicted to boom in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the geographical features of the Himalayan mountain range?
Explanatory: Why do desert regions exist on the western coasts of continents, such as the Atacama in South America?
Exploratory: How might rising sea levels reshape the world's coastlines over the next century?
Comparative: How does urban planning in European cities differ from that in American cities?
Predictive: Given current urbanization rates, which cities are poised to become megacities by 2050?

Political science

Descriptive: What are the foundational principles of a parliamentary democracy?
Explanatory: Why do certain nations adopt federal systems while others prefer unitary systems?
Exploratory: How might the rise of populism influence global diplomatic relations in the 21st century?
Comparative: How do the rights of citizens in liberal democracies differ from those in authoritarian regimes?
Predictive: Based on current political trends, which nations might see significant shifts in governance models over the next two decades?
Descriptive: What are the primary stages of cognitive development in children according to Piaget?
Explanatory: Why do certain individuals develop phobias?
Exploratory: How might emerging neuroscientific tools, like fMRI, alter our understanding of human emotions?
Comparative: How do coping mechanisms differ between individuals with high resilience versus those with low resilience?
Predictive: Given the rise in digital communication, how might human attention spans evolve in future generations?

Social work

Descriptive: What are the core principles and practices in child protective services?
Explanatory: Why do certain communities have higher rates of child neglect and abuse?
Exploratory: How might the integration of artificial intelligence in social work affect decision-making in child welfare cases?
Comparative: How do intervention strategies for substance abuse differ between urban and rural settings?
Predictive: Based on current societal trends, what challenges might social workers face in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the defining characteristics of Generation Z as a social cohort?
Explanatory: Why have nuclear families become less prevalent in Western societies?
Exploratory: How might the widespread adoption of virtual realities impact social interactions and community structures in the future?
Comparative: How do the roles and perceptions of elderly individuals differ between Eastern and Western societies?
Predictive: Given the rise in remote work, how might urban and suburban living patterns change over the next three decades?

In synthesizing the vast range of research questions posed across diverse disciplines, it becomes clear that every academic field, from the humanities to the social sciences, offers unique perspectives and methodologies to uncover and understand various facets of our world. These questions, whether descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, comparative, or predictive, serve as guiding lights, driving scholarship and innovation. As academia continues to evolve and adapt, these inquiries not only define the boundaries of current knowledge but also pave the way for future discoveries and insights, emphasizing the invaluable role of continuous inquiry in the ever-evolving tapestry of human understanding.

Header image by Zetong Li .

Examples of good research questions

Last updated

Reviewed by

Tanya Williams

However, developing a good research question is often challenging. But, doing appropriate data analysis or drawing meaningful conclusions from your investigation with a well-defined question make it easier.

So, to get you on the right track, let’s start by defining a research question, what types of research questions are common, and the steps to drafting an excellent research question.

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What is a research question?

The definition of a research question might seem fairly obvious.

At its simplest, a research question is a question you research to find the answer.

Researchers typically start with a problem or an issue and seek to understand why it has occurred, how it can be solved, or other aspects of its nature.

As you'll see, researchers typically start with a broad question that becomes narrower and more specific as the research stages are completed.

In some cases, a study may tackle more than one research question.

Research question types

Research questions are typically divided into three broad categories: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method.

These categories reflect the research type necessary to answer the research question.

Qualitative research

When you conduct qualitative research, you're broadly exploring a subject to analyze its inherent qualities.

There are many types of qualitative research questions, which include:

Descriptive: describing and illuminating little-known or overlooked aspects of a subject

Emancipatory: uncovering data that can serve to emancipate a particular group of people, such as disadvantaged or marginalized communities

Evaluative: assessing how well a particular research approach or method works

Explanatory: answering “how” or “why” a given phenomenon occurs

Exploratory: identifying reasons behind certain behaviors and exploring motivations (also known as generative research because it can generate solutions to problems)

Ideological: researching ideologies or beliefs, such as political affiliation

Interpretive: understanding group perceptions, decision-making, and behavior in a natural setting

Predictive: forecasting a likely outcome or scenario by examining past events

While it's helpful to understand the differences between these qualitative research question types, writing a good question doesn't start with determining the precise type of research question you'll be asking.

It starts with determining what answers you're seeking.

Quantitative research

Unlike broad, flexible qualitative research questions, quantitative research questions are precise. They also directly link the research question and the proposed methodology.

So, in a quantitative research question, you'll usually find

The study method

An independent variable (or variables)

A dependent variable

The study population

Quantitative research questions can also fall into multiple categories, including:

Comparative research questions compare two or more groups according to specific criteria and analyze their similarities and differences.

Descriptive questions measure a population's response to one or more variables.

Relationship (or relationship-based) questions examine how two or more variables interact.

Mixed-methods research

As its name suggests, mixed-methods research questions involve qualitative and quantitative components.

These questions are ideal when the answers require an evaluation of a specific aspect of a phenomenon that you can quantify and a broader understanding of aspects that can't.

How to write a research question

Writing a good research question can be challenging, even if you're passionate about the subject matter.

A good research question aims to solve a problem that still needs to be answered and can be solved empirically.

The approach might involve quantitative or qualitative methodology, or a mixture of both. To write a well-developed research question, follow the four steps below:

1. Select a general topic

Start with a broad topic. You may already have one in mind or get one assigned to you. If you don't, think about one you're curious about.

You can also use common brainstorming techniques , draw on discussions you've had with family and friends, take topics from the news, or use other similar sources of inspiration.

Also, consider a subject that has yet to be studied or addressed. If you're looking to tackle a topic that has already been thoroughly studied, you'll want to examine it from a new angle.

Still, the closer your question, approach, and outcomes are to existing literature, the less value your work will offer. It will also be less publishing-worthy (if that’s your goal).

2. Conduct preliminary research

Next, you'll want to conduct some initial research about your topic. You'll read coverage about your topic in academic journals, the news, and other credible sources at this stage.

You'll familiarize yourself with the terminology commonly used to describe your topic and the current take from subject matter experts and the general public.

This preliminary review helps you in a few ways. First, you'll find many researchers will discuss challenges they found conducting their research in their "Limitations," "Results," and "Discussion" sections of research papers.

Assessing these sections also helps you avoid choosing the wrong methodological approach to answering your question. Initial research also enables you to avoid focusing on a topic that has already been covered.

You can generate valuable research questions by tracking topics that have yet to be covered.

3. Consider your audience

Next, you'll want to give some thought to your audience. For example, what kinds of research material are they looking for, and what might they find valuable?

Reflect on why you’re conducting the research.

What is your team looking to learn if your research is for a work assignment?

How does what they’re asking for from you connect to business goals?

Understanding what your audience is seeking can help you shape the direction of your research so that the final draft connects with your audience.

If you're writing for an academic journal, what types of research do they publish? What kinds of research approaches have they published? And what criteria do they expect submitted manuscripts to meet?

4. Generate potential questions

Take the insights you've gained from your preliminary research and your audience assessment to narrow your topic into a research question.

Your question should be one that you can answer using the appropriate research methods. Unfortunately, some researchers start with questions they need more resources to answer and then produce studies whose outcomes are limited, limiting the study's value to the broader community.

Make sure your question is one you can realistically answer.

Examples of poor research questions

"How do electronics distract teen drivers?"

This question could be better from a researcher's perspective because it is overly broad. For instance, what is “electronics” in this context? Some electronics, like eye-monitoring systems in semi-autonomous vehicles, are designed to keep drivers focused on the road.

Also, how does the question define “teens”? Some states allow you to get a learner's permit as young as 14, while others require you to be 18 to drive. Therefore, conducting a study without further defining the participants' ages is not scientifically sound.

Here's another example of an ineffective research question:

"Why is the sky blue?"

This question has been researched thoroughly and answered.

A simple online search will turn up hundreds, if not thousands, of pages of resources devoted to this very topic.

Suppose you spend time conducting original research on a long-answered question; your research won’t be interesting, relevant, or valuable to your audience.

Alternatively, here's an example of a good research question:

"How does using a vehicle’s infotainment touch screen by drivers aged 16 to 18 in the U.S. affect driving habits?"

This question is far more specific than the first bad example. It notes the population of the study, as well as the independent and dependent variables.

And if you're still interested in the sky's color, a better example of a research question might be:

"What color is the sky on Proxima Centauri b, based on existing observations?"

A qualitative research study based on this question could extrapolate what visitors on Proxima Centauri b (a planet in the closest solar system to ours) might see as they look at the sky.

You could approach this by contextualizing our understanding of how the light scatters off the molecules of air resulting in a blue sky, and the likely composition of Proxima Centauri b's atmosphere from data NASA and others have gathered.

Why the right research question is critical

As you can see from the examples, starting with a poorly-framed research question can make your study difficult or impossible to complete.

Or it can lead you to duplicate research findings.

Ultimately, developing the right research question sets you up for success. It helps you define a realistic scope for your study, informs the best approach to answer the central question, and conveys its value to your audience.

That's why you must take the time to get your research question right before you embark on any other part of your project.