critical review on research paper example

Write a Critical Review of a Scientific Journal Article

1. identify how and why the research was carried out, 2. establish the research context, 3. evaluate the research, 4. establish the significance of the research.

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Read the article(s) carefully and use the questions below to help you identify how and why the research was carried out. Look at the following sections: 

Introduction

• What was the objective of the study?
• What methods were used to accomplish this purpose (e.g., systematic recording of observations, analysis and evaluation of published research, assessment of theory, etc.)?
• What techniques were used and how was each technique performed?
• What kind of data can be obtained using each technique?
• How are such data interpreted?
• What kind of information is produced by using the technique?
• What objective evidence was obtained from the authors’ efforts (observations, measurements, etc.)?
• What were the results of the study? 
• How was each technique used to obtain each result?
• What statistical tests were used to evaluate the significance of the conclusions based on numeric or graphic data?
• How did each result contribute to answering the question or testing the hypothesis raised in the introduction?
• How were the results interpreted? How were they related to the original problem (authors’ view of evidence rather than objective findings)? 
• Were the authors able to answer the question (test the hypothesis) raised?
• Did the research provide new factual information, a new understanding of a phenomenon in the field, or a new research technique?
• How was the significance of the work described?
• Do the authors relate the findings of the study to literature in the field?
• Did the reported observations or interpretations support or refute observations or interpretations made by other researchers?

These questions were adapted from the following sources:  Kuyper, B.J. (1991). Bringing up scientists in the art of critiquing research. Bioscience 41(4), 248-250. Wood, J.M. (2003). Research Lab Guide. MICR*3260 Microbial Adaptation and Development Web Site . Retrieved July 31, 2006.

Once you are familiar with the article, you can establish the research context by asking the following questions:

• Who conducted the research? What were/are their interests?
• When and where was the research conducted?
• Why did the authors do this research?
• Was this research pertinent only within the authors’ geographic locale, or did it have broader (even global) relevance?
• Were many other laboratories pursuing related research when the reported work was done? If so, why?
• For experimental research, what funding sources met the costs of the research?
• On what prior observations was the research based? What was and was not known at the time?
• How important was the research question posed by the researchers?

These questions were adapted from the following sources: Kuyper, B.J. (1991). Bringing up scientists in the art of critiquing research. Bioscience 41(4), 248-250. Wood, J.M. (2003). Research Lab Guide. MICR*3260 Microbial Adaptation and Development Web Site . Retrieved July 31, 2006.

Remember that simply disagreeing with the material is not considered to be a critical assessment of the material.  For example, stating that the sample size is insufficient is not a critical assessment.  Describing why the sample size is insufficient for the claims being made in the study would be a critical assessment.

Use the questions below to help you evaluate the quality of the authors’ research:

• Does the title precisely state the subject of the paper?
• Read the statement of purpose in the abstract. Does it match the one in the introduction?

Acknowledgments

• Could the source of the research funding have influenced the research topic or conclusions?
• Check the sequence of statements in the introduction. Does all the information lead coherently to the purpose of the study?
• Review all methods in relation to the objective(s) of the study. Are the methods valid for studying the problem?
• Check the methods for essential information. Could the study be duplicated from the methods and information given?
• Check the methods for flaws. Is the sample selection adequate? Is the experimental design sound?
• Check the sequence of statements in the methods. Does all the information belong there? Is the sequence of methods clear and pertinent?
• Was there mention of ethics? Which research ethics board approved the study?
• Carefully examine the data presented in the tables and diagrams. Does the title or legend accurately describe the content? 
• Are column headings and labels accurate? 
• Are the data organized for ready comparison and interpretation? (A table should be self-explanatory, with a title that accurately and concisely describes content and column headings that accurately describe information in the cells.)
• Review the results as presented in the text while referring to the data in the tables and diagrams. Does the text complement, and not simply repeat data? Are there discrepancies between the results in the text and those in the tables?
• Check all calculations and presentation of data.
• Review the results in light of the stated objectives. Does the study reveal what the researchers intended?
• Does the discussion clearly address the objectives and hypotheses?
• Check the interpretation against the results. Does the discussion merely repeat the results? 
• Does the interpretation arise logically from the data or is it too far-fetched? 
• Have the faults, flaws, or shortcomings of the research been addressed?
• Is the interpretation supported by other research cited in the study?
• Does the study consider key studies in the field?
• What is the significance of the research? Do the authors mention wider implications of the findings?
• Is there a section on recommendations for future research? Are there other research possibilities or directions suggested? 

Consider the article as a whole

• Reread the abstract. Does it accurately summarize the article?
• Check the structure of the article (first headings and then paragraphing). Is all the material organized under the appropriate headings? Are sections divided logically into subsections or paragraphs?
• Are stylistic concerns, logic, clarity, and economy of expression addressed?

These questions were adapted from the following sources:  Kuyper, B.J. (1991). Bringing up scientists in the art of critiquing research. Bioscience 41(4), 248-250. Wood, J.M. (2003). Research Lab Guide. MICR*3260 Microbial Adaptation and Development Web Site. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

After you have evaluated the research, consider whether the research has been successful. Has it led to new questions being asked, or new ways of using existing knowledge? Are other researchers citing this paper?

You should consider the following questions:

• How did other researchers view the significance of the research reported by your authors?
• Did the research reported in your article result in the formulation of new questions or hypotheses (by the authors or by other researchers)?
• Have other researchers subsequently supported or refuted the observations or interpretations of these authors?
• Did the research make a significant contribution to human knowledge?
• Did the research produce any practical applications?
• What are the social, political, technological, medical implications of this research?
• How do you evaluate the significance of the research?

To answer these questions, look at review articles to find out how reviewers view this piece of research. Look at research articles and databases like Web of Science to see how other people have used this work. What range of journals have cited this article?

These questions were adapted from the following sources:

Kuyper, B.J. (1991). Bringing up scientists in the art of critiquing research. Bioscience 41(4), 248-250. Wood, J.M. (2003). Research Lab Guide. MICR*3260 Microbial Adaptation and Development Web Site . Retrieved July 31, 2006.

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How to critically review academic papers in Biological & life sciences

Introduction.

A critical literature review (also known as a critique, critical commentary, critical appraisal, or critical analysis) is a deep examination and critique of work. A critical review can be done as a standalone activity or as part of your research and preparation for producing an empirical literature review example. The recommendations below are intended to assist you in critically evaluating a research publication.

To critically review academic papers:

• Identify the research question and its significance : The first step in critically reviewing a research paper is to identify the research question the study aims to address. You should also evaluate the significance of the research question and its relevance to the field of study.
• Evaluate the methodology : The research methodology section of a research paper is critical to its validity and reliability. You should assess the methodology used in the study, including the sampling techniques, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures . You should also evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology and identify any potential sources of bias.
• Assess the results and conclusions : A research paper’s results and conclusions section should present a clear and concise summary of the findings. You should assess the accuracy and validity of the results and evaluate the strength of the conclusions drawn from the results.
• Evaluate the overall structure and organization : The structure and organization of a research paper are essential to its clarity and coherence. You should evaluate the paper’s overall structure, including the introduction, literature review , methodology, results, and conclusion sections. You should also assess the clarity and coherence of the paper’s argument and evaluate the quality of the writing.
• Consider the contribution to the field of study : Finally, you should consider the research paper’s contribution. This includes evaluating the originality and significance of the research question, the quality of the methodology and results, and the strength of the conclusions drawn from the results.

Examine an academic paper as an example of a critical research literature review. It is essential to evaluate its research question, methodology, results, overall structure, and contribution to the field.

• Check out our sample literature review for the Project to see how the PhD Literature review is constructed.

What is a good topic for a biology research paper?

A good topic for a biology research paper would be “The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Ecosystems.” This topic allows for an exploration of how global warming and environmental shifts affect species distribution, population dynamics, and ecosystem functioning. It offers opportunities to investigate the underlying mechanisms, potential mitigation strategies, and implications for conservation efforts. Additionally, the topic aligns with current ecological concerns and fosters interdisciplinary research design , making it relevant and impactful in the field of interesting biology research articles.

A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advancements in Biological & Life Sciences

The field of Biological & Life Sciences has witnessed significant progress in recent years due to groundbreaking research and innovative technologies. This review aims to highlight key developments across various sub-disciplines, shedding light on the cutting-edge research that has shaped our understanding of life and living organisms.

• Genomics and Gene Editing : Advancements in genomics and gene editing technologies have revolutionized our understanding of genetics and potential applications in various fields. The emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 has allowed for precise and efficient gene editing, offering unprecedented opportunities in basic research and therapeutic interventions. This section discusses the latest discoveries in genomics, epigenetics, and the ethical considerations surrounding gene editing.
• Neurobiology and Brain Research : With the advent of sophisticated imaging techniques and computational neuroscience, researchers have made remarkable strides in unravelling the complexities of the human brain. This section covers groundbreaking studies in neurobiology, synaptic plasticity, brain mapping, and the connection between neural activity and behaviour. Moreover, it delves into the advancements in brain-computer interfaces and their potential applications in healthcare and neurorehabilitation.
• Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering : The burgeoning field of synthetic biology has enabled scientists to engineer biological systems with unparalleled precision. From creating artificial organisms to synthesizing novel biomaterials, this section reviews the latest breakthroughs in synthetic biological research examples and bioengineering , emphasizing their applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation.
• Ecology and Climate Change : Climate change and its impact on ecosystems have become pressing concerns. Researchers have dedicated efforts to understand ecological dynamics and devise strategies for conservation and mitigation. This section examines the role of biodiversity, climate modelling, and ecosystem services in addressing environmental challenges and explores how interdisciplinary research is essential in tackling global ecological issues.
• Immunology and Infectious Diseases : In light of recent pandemics, immunology and infectious diseases research have garnered significant attention. Advancements in vaccine development, immunotherapies, and antiviral strategies are highlighted in this section. Additionally, it discusses how immunology intersects with cancer research, autoimmune disorders, and emerging infectious diseases.
• Biotechnology and Bioinformatics : Biotechnology continues to drive innovation across various industries, including healthcare, agriculture, and energy. This section evaluates the latest biotechnological applications, such as biopharmaceutical production, agricultural biotechnology, and biofuel production. Furthermore, it explores the crucial role of bioinformatics in managing and analyzing vast biological datasets.

Remember that critically reviewing academic papers is an iterative process. It takes practice and experience to develop a discerning eye. Over time, your ability to identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement in research articles will improve, contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge in the Biological and life science research examples.

• Check out our study guide to learn more about PhD Literature review. Why is a literature review important for a PhD dissertation?

The rapidly evolving landscape of Biological & Life Sciences has transformed our understanding of life and opened new avenues for research and practical applications. This review presents an overview of recent advancements in diverse fields, highlighting the collaborative efforts of scientists worldwide. As we continue to push the boundaries of knowledge, the integration of multidisciplinary approaches will be key to addressing global challenges and improving the quality of life for humanity.

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Ph.D. Assistance offers comprehensive dissertation literature review services, utilizing academic sources like journals, textbooks, and newspaper articles to create a research framework, hypothesis, and questionnaire. These experts ensure your research work is ready for journal publication, with access to the latest reference sources. A minimum of 80 references will be used to develop a research framework. Thousands of students have benefited from our services for literature review.

• Epstein GL. Preventing biological weapon development through the governance of life science research. Biosecur Bioterror. 2012 Mar;10(1):17-37. PMID: 22455676. DOI:  1089/bsp.2011.0091
• Semilarski, Helin, and Anne Laius. “Exploring Biological Literacy: A Systematic Literature Review of Biological Literacy.”  European Journal of Educational Research 3 (2021): 1181-1197.
• Weaver, Kathleen F., et al.  An introduction to statistical analysis in research: with applications in the biological and life sciences . John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
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