All Comments (0)
Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list:
Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles
Register with Gates Open Research
Already registered? Sign in
Not now, thanks
If you are a previous or current Gates grant holder, sign up for information about developments, publishing and publications from Gates Open Research.
We'll keep you updated on any major new updates to Gates Open Research
The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000.
You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password.
To sign in, please click here .
If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here .
You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password.
If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here .
If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password.
If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance.
Lv prasad eye institute.
The L V Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) was established in 1987 at Hyderabad as a not-for-profit, non- government, public-spirited, comprehensive eye care institution
The Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA) was set up in 1961 by the Govt of India in collaboration with the Govt of Gujarat and the Indian industry
Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad (IIPH) under the aegis of Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) commenced its activities in 2008
National Health Authority was set up in 2019, to implement PM – JAY and formulation of various operational guidelines to ensure standardization and interoperability.
A collaboration between nice international and ihope, ihope journal.
IHOPE Journal of Ophthalmology (official publication of IHOPE) is a quarterly, international journal. This peer-reviewed journal provides a forum for presentation and discussion of original research articles in the field of ophthalmology. Studies related to big data analysis, public health, health economics and outcomes research will remain its primary focus. The journal facilitates the dissemination of information through original research articles, review articles, editorials, letter to editor, meta-analysis and commentaries. The journal aims to develop, promote and exchange scientific knowledge and co-operation between clinicians, scientists, health economists and others involved in the field of ophthalmology and public health.
Interact with leading thinkers & doers in the field, economic growth and health, coping with omicron, supply chains for medical products, scientific team.
Meet the multi disciplinary principal investigators of the IHOPE Research Centre
Extended team.
A diverse team of research associates, statisticians, economists & administrators
Advertisement
826 Accesses
63 Citations
1 Altmetric
Explore all metrics
Economic evaluations are one of the important tools in policy making for rational allocation of resources. Given the very low public investment in the health sector in India, it is critical that resources are used wisely on interventions proven to yield best results. Hence, we undertook this study to assess the extent and quality of evidence for economic evaluation of health-care interventions and programmes in India.
A comprehensive search was conducted to search for published full economic evaluations pertaining to India and addressing a health-related intervention or programme. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and York CRD database and websites of important research agencies were identified to search for economic evaluations published from January 1980 to the middle of November 2014. Two researchers independently assessed the quality of the studies based on Drummond and modelling checklist.
Out of a total of 5013 articles enlisted after literature search, a total of 104 met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The majority of these papers were cost-effectiveness studies (64 %), led by a clinician or public-health professional (77 %), using decision analysis-based methods (59 %), published in an international journal (80 %) and addressing communicable diseases (58 %). In addition, 42 % were funded by an international funding agency or UN/bilateral aid agency, and 30 % focussed on pharmaceuticals. The average quality score of these full economic evaluations was 65.1 %. The major limitation was the inability to address uncertainties involved in modelling as only about one-third of the studies assessed modelling structural uncertainties (33 %), or ran sub-group analyses to account for heterogeneity (36.5 %) or analysed methodological uncertainty (32 %).
The existing literature on economic evaluations in India is inadequate to feed into sound policy making. There is an urgent need to generate awareness within the government of how economic evaluation can inform and benefit policy making, and at the same time build capacity of health-care professionals in understanding the economic principles of health-care delivery system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Subscribe and save.
Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Rent this article via DeepDyve
Institutional subscriptions
Explore related subjects.
Husereau D, Culyer AJ, Neumann P, Jacobs P. How do economic evaluations inform health policy decisions for treatment and prevention in Canada and the United States? Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2015;13(3):273–9. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40258-014-0133-6 .
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. Ontario guidelines for economic analysis of pharmaceutical products. 1994.
Buxton MJ. Economic evaluation and decision making in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24(11):1133–42.
Jirawattanapisal T, Kingkaew P, Lee TJ, Yang MC. Evidence-based decision-making in Asia-Pacific with rapidly changing health-care systems: Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan. Value Health. 2009;12(Suppl 3):S4–11.
Thatte U, Hussain S, de Rosas-Valera M, Malik MA. Evidence-based decision on medical technologies in Asia Pacific: experiences from India, Malaysia, Philippines, and Pakistan. Value Health. 2009;12(Suppl 3S):18–25.
Article Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India. New Delhi: National Vacine Policy; 2011.
Google Scholar
Department of Health Research. XII Plan document (2012-2017). New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Famuliy Welfare, Governemnt of India; 2012.
Indian chapter of International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) [Internet]. Available from: http://www.isporindia.com/ . Cited 14 Mar 2015.
Desai PR, Chandwani HS, Rascati KL. Assessing the quality of pharmacoeconomic studies in India: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30(9):749–62.
Mishra D, Nair S. Systematic literature review to evaluate and characterize the health economics and outcomes research studies in India. Perspect Clin Res. 2015;6(1):20–33.
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley Online Library; 2008.
Drummond MF, Jefferson TO. Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ. Br Med J. 1996;313(7052):275–83. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/content/313/7052/275 .
Article CAS Google Scholar
Philips Z, Ginnelly L, Sculpher M, Claxton K, Golder S, Riemsma R, et al. Review of guidelines for good practice in decision-analytic modelling in health technology assessment. 2004;8(36):iii–iv (ix–xi, 1–158) .
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
La Torre G, Nicolotti N, De Waure C, Ricciardi W. Development of a weighted scale to assess the quality of cost-effectiveness studies and an application to the economic evaluations of tetravalent HPV vaccine. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2011;19:103–11.
Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al. Disease control priorities in developing countries. Washington (DC):World Bank Publications; 2006.
Lok Sabha Secretariat. Reference note No. 6/RN/Ref./2013: price rise/inflation. Parliament Library and Reference, Research, Documentation and Information Service (lAARDIS). 2013.
Edejer TTT, Baltussen R, Adam T, Hutubessy R, Acharya A, Evans DB, et al. Making choices in health: WHO guide to cost-effectiveness analysis: World Health Organization; 2003.
The World Bank. [Internet]. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/country/india . Cited 7 Mar 2015.
Aggarwal K, Khandpur S, Khanna N, Sharma VK, Pandav CS. Comparison of clinical and cost-effectiveness of psoralen? ultraviolet A versus psoralen? sunlight in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis in a developing economy. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(4):478–85. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23431966 .
Aggarwal R, Ghoshal UC, Naik SR. Assessment of cost effectiveness of universal hepatitis B immunization in a low income country with intermediate endimicity using a Markov model. J Hepatol. 2003;38(2):215–22.
Aggarwal R, Ghoshal UC, Naik SR. Treatment of Chronic hepatitis B with interferon-alpha: Cost-effectiveness in developing countries. Natl Med J India. 2002;15(6):320–7.
PubMed Google Scholar
Alexander A, John KR, Jayaraman T, Oommen A, Venkata Raghava M, Dorny P, et al. Economic implications of three strategies for the control of taeniasis. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16(11):1410–6.
Awasthi S, Pande VK, Fletcher RH. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of albendazole in improving nutritional status of pre-school children in urban slums. Indian Pediatr. 2000;37(1):19–29.
Bachewar NP, Thawani VR, Mali SN, Gharpure KJ, Shingade VP, Dakhale GN. Comparison of safety, efficacy, and cost effectiveness of benzyl benzoate, permethrin, and ivermectin in patients of scabies. Indian J Pharmacol. 2009;41(1):9–14.
Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bender MA, Kumarasamy N, Mayer KH, Wang B, Walensky RP, Flanigan T, et al. Cost-effectiveness of tenofovir as first-line antiretroviral therapy in India. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(3):416–25.
Bhagia LJ, Sadhu HG. Cost-benefit analysis of installing dust control devices in the agate industry, Khambhat (Gujarat). Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2008;12(3):128–31.
Bhatia MR, Fox-Rushby J, Mills A. Cost-effectiveness of malaria control interventions when malaria mortality is low: Insecticide-treated nets versus in-house residual spraying in India. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(3):525–39.
Bhatia SJ, Kulkarni SG. Cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in India: to live and let live … expensively? Indian J Gastroenterol. 1997;16(Suppl 1):S25–8.
Brown HS, Stigler M, Perry C, Dhavan P, Arora M, Reddy KS. The cost-effectiveness of a school-based smoking prevention program in India. Health Promot Int. 2013;28(2):178–86.
Buttorff C, Hock RS, Weiss HA, Naik S, Araya R, Kirkwood BR, et al. Economic evaluation of a task-shifting intervention for common mental disorders in India. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(11):813–21. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3506405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract .
Cecchini M, Sassi F, Lauer JA, Lee YY, Guajardo-Barron V, Chisholm D. Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness. Lancet. 2010;376(9754):1775–84 (Elsevier Ltd) .
Chow J, Klein EY, Laxminarayan R. Cost-effectiveness of “golden mustard” for treating vitamin a deficiency in India. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12046.
Article PubMed Central PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Clark AD, Griffiths UK, Abbas SS, Rao KD, Privor-Dumm L, Hajjeh R, et al. Impact and cost-effectiveness of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccination in india. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2013;163(1):S60–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.032 (Elsevier Ltd) .
Cook J, Jeuland M, Whittington D, Poulos C, Clemens J, Sur D, et al. The cost-effectiveness of typhoid Vi vaccination programs: calculations for four urban sites in four Asian countries. Vaccine. 2008;26(50):6305–16.
Dabral M. Cost-effectiveness of supplementary immunization for measles in India. Indian Pediatr. 2009;46(3):957–62.
Dandona L, Kumar SGP, Kumar GA, Dandona R. Cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh state of India. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:117.
Dhivya PS, Swathy G, Pal S. Pharmacoeconomics of antihypertensive drugs prescribed in a multispecialty hospital in South India. Asian J Pharm. 2014;8(3):178–82.
Diaz M, Kim JJ, Albero G, de Sanjosé S, Clifford G, Bosch FX, et al. Health and economic impact of HPV 16 and 18 vaccination and cervical cancer screening in India. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(2):230–8.
Donaldson EA, Waters HR, Arora M, Varghese B, Dave P, Modi B. A cost-effectiveness analysis of India’s 2008 prohibition of smoking in public places in Gujarat. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(5):1271–86.
Dowdy DW, Steingart KR, Pai M. Serological testing versus other strategies for diagnosis of active tuberculosis in india: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med. 2011;8(8):e1001074.
Dranitsaris G, Truter I, Lubbe MS, Sriramanakoppa NN, Mendonca VM, Mahagaonkar SB. Improving patient access to cancer drugs in India: Using economic modeling to estimate a more affordable drug cost based on measures of societal value. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2011;27(1):23–30.
Eaton JW, Menzies NA, Stover J, Cambiano V, Chindelevitch L, Cori A, et al. Health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of earlier eligibility for adult antiretroviral therapy and expanded treatment coverage: A combined analysis of 12 mathematical models. Lancet Glob Heal. 2014;2(1):e23–34.
Esposito DH, Tate JE, Kang G, Parashar UD. Projected impact and cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccination program in India, 2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(2):171–7.
Ferroussier O, Kumar MKA, Dewan PK, Nair PKJ, Sahu S, Wares DF, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of a public-private mix project in Kannur District Kerala, India, 2001–2002. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(7):755–61.
Floyd K, Arora VK, Murthy KJR, Lonnroth K, Singla N, Akbar Y, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of PPM-DOTS for tuberculosis control: evidence from India. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84(05):437–45.
Freedberg KA, Kumarasamy N, Losina E, Cecelia AJ, Scott CA, Divi N, et al. Clinical impact and cost effectivceness of antiretroviral therapy in India: starting criteria and second line therapy. AIDS. 2007;21(Suppl 4):S117–28.
Frick KD, Riva-Clement L, Shankar MB. Screening for refractive error and fitting with spectacles in rural and urban India: cost-effectiveness. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009;16(6):378–87.
Fung IC-H, Guinness L, Vickerman P, Watts C, Vannela G, Vadhvana J, et al. Modelling the impact and cost-effectiveness of the HIV intervention programme amongst commercial sex workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:195.
Ghoshal UC, Aggarwal R, Baba CS. Recurrent duodenal ulcer haemorrhage: a pharmacoeconomic comparison of various management strategies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4:1593–603.
Gogtay NJ, Kadam VS, Desai S, Kamtekar KD, Dalvi SS, Kshirsagar NA. A cost-effectiveness analysis of three antimalarial treatments for acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mumbai. India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2003;51:877–9.
Goldie SJ, O’Shea M, Campos NG, Diaz M, Sweet S, Kim SY. Health and economic outcomes of HPV 16,18 vaccination in 72 GAVI-eligible countries. Vaccine. 2008;26(32):4080–93.
Goldie SJ, Sweet S, Carvalho N, Natchu UCM, Hu D. Alternative strategies to reduce maternal mortality in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med. 2010;7(4):e1000264.
Goldie SJ, Gaffikin L, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Gordillo-Tobar A, Levin C, Mahé C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of cervical-cancer screening in five developing countries. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(20):2158–68.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Goodchild M, Sahu S, Wares F, Dewan P, Shukla RS, Chauhan LS, et al. A cost-benefit analysis of scaling up tuberculosis control in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(3):358–62.
Guerriero C, Cairns J, Perel P, Shakur H, Roberts I. Cost-effectiveness analysis of administering tranexamic acid to bleeding trauma patients using evidence from the crash-2 trial. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e18987.
Gupta M, Prinja S, Kumar R, Kaur M. Cost-effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine introduction in the universal immunization schedule in Haryana State, India. Health Policy Plan. 2013;28(1):51–61.
Jeuland M, Cook J, Poulos C, Clemens J, Whittington D. Cost-effectiveness of new-generation oral cholera vaccines: a multisite analysis. Value Health. 2009;12(6):899–908.
Jothi R, Ismail AM, Senthamarai R, Pal S. A comparative study on the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of bimatoprost/timolol and dorzolamide/timolol combinations in glaucoma patients. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(6):362–5.
Kochhar P, Suvarna V, Duttagupta S, Sarkar S. Cost-effectiveness study comparing cefoperazone-sulbactam to a three-drug combination for treating intraabdominal infections in an Indian health-care setting. Value Health. 2008;11(Suppl 1):S33–8.
Krishnamoorthy K, Rajendran R, Sunish IP, Reuben R. Cost effectiveness of the use of vectrol control and mass drug administration, seperately or in combination, against lymphatic filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002;96:S77–90.
Kumar M, Birch S, Maturana A, Gafni A. Economic evaluation of HIV screening in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in India. Health Policy (N Y). 2006;77(2):233–43.
Lee BY, Bacon KM, Shah M, Kitchen SB, Connor DL, Slayton RB. The economic value of a visceral leishmaniasis vaccine in Bihar State, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86(3):417–25.
Lohse N, Marseille E, Kahn JG. Development of a model to assess the cost-effectiveness of gestational diabetes mellitus screening and lifestyle change for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2011;115 Suppl:S20–5. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(11)60007-6 (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) .
Lubell Y, Yeung S, Dondorp AM, Day NP, Nosten F, Tjitra E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria. Trop Med Int Heal. 2009;14(3):332–7.
Mahajan R, Gupta A, Gupta RS, Gupta K. Efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of insulin sensitizers as add-on therapy in metabolic syndrome in patients with secondary sulfonylurea failure: a comparative study. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2010;1(2):82–6.
Marseille E, Lohse N, Jiwani A, Hod M, Seshiah V, Yajnik CS, et al. The cost-effectiveness of gestational diabetes screening including prevention of type 2 diabetes: application of a new model in India and Israel. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(8):802–10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23311860 .
Massad E, Behrens BC, Coutinho F a B, Behrens RH. Cost risk benefit analysis to support chemoprophylaxis policy for travellers to malaria endemic countries. Malar J [Internet]. 2011;10(1):130. Available from: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/130 (BioMed Central Ltd) .
McNeil BJ, Dudley RA, Hoop B, Metz C, Thompson M, Adelstein SJ. A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for hepatitis B surface antigen in India. Med Decis Making. 1981;1(4):345–59.
McNeil BJ, Thompson M, Adelstein SJ. Cost effectiveness calculations for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Eur J Nucl Med. 1980;5(3):271–6.
Meheus F, Balasegaram M, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Rijal S, Faiz MA, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of combination therapies for visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000818 .
Miller MA, Kane M. Routine hepatitis B immunisation in India: cost-effectiveness assessment. Indian J Pediatr. 2000;67(4):299–300.
Mukherjee K. Cost-effectiveness of childbirth strategies for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among mothers receiving nevirapine in India. Indian J Community Med. 2010;35(1):29–33.
Okonkwo QL, Draisma G, Der Kinderen A, Brown ML, De Koning HJ. Breast cancer screening policies in developing countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis for India. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(18):1290–300.
Over M, Marseille E, Sudhakar K, Gold J, Gupta I, Indrayan A, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and HIV prevention in India: modeling costs and consequences of policy options. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33(10):S145–52.
Pandav C. Economic evaluation of iodine deficiency disorder control program in Sikkim: a cost effectiveness study. Indian J Public Health. 2012;56(1):37.
Patel AB, Dhande LA, Rawat MS. Economic evaluation of zinc and copper use in treating acute diarrhea in children: a randomized controlled trial. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2003;1(1):7.
Patel V, Chisholm D, Rabe-Hesketh S, Dias-Saxena F, Andrew G, Mann A. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of drug and psychological treatments for common mental disorders in general health care in Goa, India: A randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9351):33–9.
Paul SB, Sreenivas V, Gulati MS, Madan K, Gupta AK, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Economic evaluation of a surveillance program of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India. Hepatol Int. 2008;2(2):231–6.
Pho MT, Swaminathan S, Kumarasamy N, Losina E, Ponnuraja C, Uhler LM, et al. The cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis preventive therapy for HIV-infected individuals in southern India: a trial-based analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36001.
Poulos C, Bahl R, Whittington D, Bhan MK, Clemens JD, Acosta CJ. A cost-benefit analysis of typhoid fever immunization programs in an Indian urban slum community. J Health Popul Nutr. 2004;22(3):311–21.
Prinja S, Bahuguna P, Rudra S, Gupta I, Kaur M, Mehendale SM, et al. Cost effectiveness of targeted HIV prevention interventions for female sex workers in India. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(4):354–61.
Rachapelle S, Legood R, Alavi Y, Lindfield R, Sharma T, Kuper H, et al. The cost-utility of telemedicine to screen for diabetic retinopathy in india. Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2013;120(3):566–73. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.002 (Elsevier Inc.) .
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Yamuna A, Mary S, Ping Z. Cost-effectiveness of the interventions. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2548–52.
Reid S. Estimating the burden of disease from unsafe injections in India: a cost-benefit assessment of the auto-disable syringe in a country with low blood-borne virus prevalence. Indian J Community Med. 2012;37(2):89–94.
Rheingans R, Anderson JD, Anderson B, Chakraborty P, Atherly D, Pindolia D. Estimated impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in India: effects of geographic and economic disparities. Vaccine [Internet]. 2014;32 Suppl 1:A140–50. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.073 (Elsevier Ltd) .
Rob B, Vinod JA, Monica P, Balraj A, Job A, Norman G, et al. Costs and health effects of screening and delivery of hearing aids in Tamil Nadu, India: an observational study. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:135.
Rose J, Hawthorn RL, Watts B, Singer ME. Public health impact and cost effectiveness of mass vaccination with live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine (RIX4414) in India: model based analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3653.
Sahni M, Jindal K, Abraham M, Aruldas K, Puliyel JM. Hepatitis B Immunization: cost calculation in a community based study in India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004;23(1):16–8.
Schulman-Marcus J, Prabhakaran D, Gaziano TA. Pre-hospital ECG for acute coronary syndrome in urban India: a cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2010;10:13.
Shafiq N, Malhotra S, Pandhi P, Sharma N, Bhalla A, Grover A. A randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness and effect on PAI-1 levels of the three low-molecular-weight heparins - Enoxaparin, nadroparin and dalteparin: the ESCAPe-END study. Pharmacology. 2006;78(3):136–43.
Singh AJ, Garner P, Floyd K. Cost-effectiveness of public-funded options for cataract surgery in Mysore, India. Lancet. 2000;355(9199):180–4.
Singh K. Economic evaluation of Japanese encephalitis vaccination programme in Uttar Pradesh, India : a cost-benefit study. J Vector Borne Dis. 2014;51(1):47–52.
Sood S, Nambiar D. Comparative cost-effectiveness of the components of a behavior change communication campaign on HIV/AIDS in North India. J Health Commun. 2006;11(Suppl 2):143–62.
Sriram S, Aiswaria V, Cijo A, Mohankumar T. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern and cost-effectiveness analysis of antibiotic therapy in an Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. J Res Pharm Pract. 2013;2(2):70. Available from: http://www.jrpp.net/text.asp?2013/2/2/70/117386 .
Srivastava A, Srinivas G, Misra MC, Pandav CS, Seenu V, Goyal A. Cost-effectiveness analysis of laparoscopic versus minilaparotomy cholecystectomy for gallstone disease. A randomized trial. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2001;17(4):497–502.
Subramaniam B, Madan R, Sadhasivam S, Sennaraj B, Tamilselvan P, Rajeshwari S, et al. Dexamethasone is a cost-effective alternative to ondansertron in preventing PONV after paediatric strabismur repair. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86(1):84–9.
Subramanian S, Sankaranarayanan R, Bapat B, Somanathan T, Thomas G, Mathew B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of oral cancer screening: Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in India. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87(3):200–6.
Suraratdecha C, Ramana CV, Kaipilyawar S, Krishnamurthy J, Sivalenka S, Ambatipudi N, et al. Cost and effectiveness analysis of immunization service delivery support in Andhra Pradesh, India. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(3):221–8.
Sutherland T, Bishai DM. Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol and prenatal iron supplementation as maternal mortality interventions in home births in rural India. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2009;104(3):189–93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.10.011 (Elsevier Ireland Ltd) .
Sutherland T, Meyer C, Bishai DM, Geller S, Miller S. Community-based distribution of misoprostol for treatment or prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: Cost-effectiveness, mortality, and morbidity reduction analysis. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2010;108(3):289–94. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.11.007 (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) .
Thaker S, Mehta D, Shah H, Dave J, Kikani K. A comparative study to evaluate efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness between Whitfield′s ointment + oral fluconazole versus topical 1 % butenafine in tinea infections of skin. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013;45(6):622. Available from: http://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2013/45/6/622/121378 .
Thaker S, Mehta D, Shah H, Dave J, Mundhava S. A comparative randomized open label study to evaluate efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness between topical 2 % sertaconazole and topical 1 % butenafine in tinea infections of skin. Indian J Dermatol. 2013;58(6):451. Available from: http://www.e-ijd.org/text.asp?2013/58/6/451/119955 .
Thomas K, Peter JV, Cherian AM, Guyatt G. Cost-effectiveness of inhaled β-agonists v. oral salbutamol in asthma: A randomized double-blind cross-over study. Natl Med J India. 1996;9(4):159–62.
Uhler LM, Kumarasamy N, Mayer KH, Saxena A, Losina E, Muniyandi M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HIV testing referral strategies among tuberculosis patients in India. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):1–9.
Van’t Hoog AH, Cobelens F, Vassall A, Van Kampen S, Dorman SE, Alland D, et al. Optimal triage test characteristics to improve the cost-effectiveness of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for TB diagnosis: A decision analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82786.
Vassall A, Pickles M, Chandrashekar S, Boily M-C, Shetty G, Guinness L, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention for high-risk groups at scale: an economic evaluation of the Avahan programme in south India. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2014;2(9):e531–40. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214109X14702773 (Vassall et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND) .
Venkatesh KK, Becker JE, Kumarasamy N, Nakamura YM, Mayer KH, Losina E, et al. Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Expanded Voluntary HIV Testing in India. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64604.
Verguet S, Murphy S, Anderson B, Johansson KA, Glass R, Rheingans R. Public finance of rotavirus vaccination in India and Ethiopia: An extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Vaccine [Internet]. 2013;31(42):4902–10. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.014 (Elsevier Ltd) .
Vijendra R, Kumar A, Girish K, Harsha R, Reddy V, Lakshmi P. Cost-effectiveness analysis of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide in uncomplicated alcohol-withdrawal syndrome. Indian J Pharmacol. 2014;46(4):372. Available from: http://www.ijp-online.com/article.asp?issn=0253-7613;year=2014;volume=46;issue=4;spage=372;epage=377;aulast=Reddy .
Walensky RP, Ross EL, Kumarasamy N, Wood R, Noubary F, Paltiel AD, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention in serodiscordant couples. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1715–25. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1214720 .
Ghoshal UC, Aggarwal R, Kumar S, Naik SR. Pneumatic dilation versus intrasphincteric botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of achalasia cardia in India: an economic analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002;21(5):193–6.
Prakash C. Crucial factors that influence cost effectiveness of Universal Hepatitis B immunization in India. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2003;19(1):28–40.
Pantoja A, Lönnroth K, Lal SS, Chauhan LS. Economic evaluation of public-private mix for tuberculosis care and control, India. Part II. Cost and cost-effectiveness. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(6):705–12.
Bindoria SV, Devkar R, Gupta I, Ranebennur V, Saggurti N, Ramesh S, et al. Development and pilot testing of HIV screening program integration within public/primary health centers providing antenatal care services in Maharashtra, India. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):177.
Burke MJ, Shenton RC, Taylor MJ. The economics of screening infants at risk of hearing impairment: an international analysis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76(2):212–8.
Singh SP, Hirve S, Huda MM, Banjara MR, Kumar N, Mondal D. Options for active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic districts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh, comparing yield, feasibility and costs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(2):e960.
Pandav CS. Economic evaluation of iodine deficiency disorder control program in Sikkim: a cost effectiveness study. Indian J Public Heal. 2012;56(1):37–43.
Vassall A, Chandrashekar S, Pickles M, Beattie T, Shetty G, Bhattacharjee P, et al. Community mobilisation and empowerment interventions as part of HIV prevention for female sex workers in Southern India: A cost-effectiveness analysis. 2014;9(10):e110562.
Suraratdecha C, Jacobson J, Sivalenka S, Narahari D. A cost-effectiveness analysis of strategies for controlling Japanese encephalitis in Andhra Pradesh, India. J Pharm Financ Econ Policy. 2006;15(1):21–40.
Olliaro P, Darley S, Laxminarayan R, Sundar S. Cost-effectiveness projections of single and combination therapies for visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar. India. Trop Med Int Heal. 2009;14(8):918–25.
Legood R, Gray AM, Mahé C, Wolstenholme J, Jayant K, Nene BM, et al. Screening for cervical cancer in India: How much will it cost? A trial based analysis of the cost per case detected. Int J Cancer. 2005;117(6):981–7.
Isaac MK, Kapur R. A cost-effectiveness analysis of three different methods of psychiatric case finding in the general population. Br J Psychiatry. 1980;137(6):540–6.
Elixhauser A, Halpern M, Schmier J, Luce BR. Health care CBAand CEA from 1991 to 1996: an updated bibliography. Med Care. 1998;36(5 Suppl):MS1–9 (MS18–147) .
Gavaza P, Rascati K, Oladapo AO, Khoza S. The State of Health Economic Research in South Africa: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30(10):925–40.
Teerawattananon Y, Russell S, Mugford M. A systematic review of economic evaluation literature in Thailand: are the data good enough to be used by policy-makers? Pharmacoeconomics. 2007;25(6):467–79.
Tran BX, Nong VM, Maher RM, Nguyen PK, Luu HN. A systematic review of scope and quality of Health Economic Evaluation Studies in Vietnam. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103825. Available from: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103825 .
Hoque ME, Khan JAM, Hossain SSA, Gazi R, Rashid H, Koehlmoos TP, et al. A systematic review of economic evaluations of health and health-related interventions in Bangladesh. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2011;9:12. Available from: http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/9/1/12 (BioMed Central Ltd) .
Gavaza P, Rascati KL, Oladapo AO, Khoza S. The state of health economic evaluation research in Nigeria: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2010;28(7):539–53.
Gavaza P, Rascati K, Brown C, Lawson K, Mann T. The state of health economic and pharmacoeconomic evaluation research in Zimbabwe: a review. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2008;69(3):268–85.
Indian Health Economics and Policy Association (IHEPA) [Internet]. Available from: http://ihepa.in/ . Cited 11 Mar 2015.
Health Economics Association of India (HEAI) [Internet]. Available from: http://www.heai.org.in/ . Cited 11 Mar 2015.
Online Certificate Course in Basic Health Economics [Internet]. Available from: www.healtheconomics.pgisph.in . Cited 14 Mar 2015.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, National Rural Health Mission, Approval of State Programme Implementation Plan of NRHM 2014–15: Punjab [Internet]. Available from: http://www.pbnrhm.org/docs/pip_admin_approval_14_15.pdf . Cited 25 Aug 2015.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, National Rural Health Mission, Approval of State Programme Implementation Plan of NRHM 2014–15: Andhra Pradesh [Internet]. Available from: http://cfw.ap.nic.in/pdf/Final%20ROP%20Andhra%20Pradesh%202014-15.pdf . Cited 25 Aug 2015.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, National Rural Health Mission, Approval of State Programme Implementation Plan of NRHM 2012–13: Haryana [Internet]. Available from: http://pipnrhm-mohfw.nic.in/PIP2012-13_files/ROP%202012/Haryana/Approval%20of%20State%20Programme%20Implementation%20Plan-Haryana,%202012-13.pdf . Cited 25 Aug 2015.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, National Rural Health Mission, Approval of State Programme Implementation Plan of NRHM: Himachal Pradesh, May 2012–13 [Internet]. Available from: http://pipnrhm-mohfw.nic.in/PIP2012-13_files/ROP%202012-13/Himachal%20Pradesh/Approval%20of%20State%20Programme%20Implementation%20Plan%20.pdf . Cited 25 Aug 2015.
National List of Essential Medicines of India 2011 [Internet). Available from: http://pharmaceuticals.gov.in/nlem.pdf . Cited 26 Aug 2015.
Essential Medicine List (2013–14) [Internet]. Available from: http://www.nrhmharyana.gov.in/files/essentialdruglist2013.pdf . Cited 26 Aug 2015.
List of Essential Drugs, 2013, Punjab [Internet]. Available from: http://punjabhealth.co.in/downloads.aspx?ID=nh5DUDN8odM=&&Header=+g1BOwyDm98sKB5ssQYvWAv9KLvK9BlY . Cited 26 Aug 2015.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional and national levels of age-specific mortality and 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–71
NICE signs MoU with the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and family welfare, Government of India [Internet]. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/proxy/?sourceurl=http://www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/niceinternational/projects/nicesignsmougovernmentindia.jsp . Cited 1 Jul 2015.
Verguet S, Laxminarayan R, Jamison DT. Universal Public Finance of Tuberculosis treatment in India: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Heal econ. 2015;24:318–32.
Verguet S, Murphy S, Anderson B, Johansson KA, Glass R, Rheingans R. Public finance of rotavirus vaccination in India and Ethiopia: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Vaccine [Internet]. 2013;31(42):4902–10 (Elsevier Ltd) .
Megiddo I, Colson AR, Nandi A, Chatterjee S, Prinja S, Khera A, et al. Analysis of the Universal Immunization Programme and introduction of a rotavirus vaccine in India with IndiaSim. Vaccine [Internet]. 2014;32(S1):A151–61 (Elsevier Ltd) .
Freemantle N, Mason J. Publication bias in clinical trials and economic analyses. Pharmacoeconomics. 1997;12(1):10–6.
Bell CM, Urbach DR, Ray JG, Bayoumi A, Rosen AB, Greenberg D. Bias in published cost effectiveness studies: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332(7543):699–703.
Hillman AL, Eisenberg JM, Pauly MV, Bloom BS, Glick H, Kinosian B, et al. Avoiding bias in the conduct and reporting of cost-effectiveness research sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(19):1362–5.
Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S, Carswell C, Moher D, Greenberg D, et al. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)-explanation and elaboration: an ISPOR Task Force Report. Value Health. 2013;16:231–50.
Download references
We are grateful to the assistance provided by the Mrs. Neelima Chadha from the library of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh; and staff of the Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health in the Department of Paediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India, who provided valuable inputs to finalize the search strategy for the present review and helped in retrieving the necessary papers.
Conception of the idea: SP, SJ, IG. Searching of data bases and reviewing of the selected studies: ASC, BA. Arbitration in case of discrepancy between the authors who reviewed the studies: SP. Data analysis: ASC, BA. Writing the first draft: ASC, SP. Critical inputs in the draft: all authors.
Authors and affiliations.
School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
Shankar Prinja & Akashdeep Singh Chauhan
The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
Blake Angell & Stephen Jan
Health Policy Research Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi Enclave, Delhi, 110007, India
Indrani Gupta
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Stephen Jan
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Correspondence to Shankar Prinja .
Competing interest.
Shankar Prinja, Akashdeep Singh Chauhan, Blake Angell, Indrani Gupta and Stephen Jan declare no competing interest.
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions.
Reprints and permissions
Prinja, S., Chauhan, A.S., Angell, B. et al. A Systematic Review of the State of Economic Evaluation for Health Care in India. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 13 , 595–613 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-015-0201-6
Download citation
Published : 08 October 2015
Issue Date : December 2015
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-015-0201-6
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
The landscape of healthcare research in India has been significantly shaped by the endeavors of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Established in 1911, the ICMR has played a pivotal role in advancing medical knowledge, informing health policies, and fostering collaborations to address pressing health challenges in the country.
In this blog, we embark on a journey through the corridors of ICMR research topics, shedding light on the council’s current and noteworthy research topics that are contributing to the nation’s health and well-being.
Table of Contents
The Indian Council of Medical Research operates as the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research. With a mission to nurture and harness the potential of medical research for the benefit of society, ICMR has become a cornerstone in shaping health policies and practices.
By fostering collaborations with researchers and institutions across the nation, ICMR has emerged as a driving force in advancing healthcare knowledge and outcomes.
Unlock the secrets of the microbial world without breaking the bank! Elevate your academic journey with affordable – because knowledge should be accessible to all students, regardless of budget constraints. |
The success of ICMR’s research lies not only in its expansive scope but also in its rigorous methodology and ethical considerations. ICMR has established guidelines that researchers must adhere to, ensuring that studies funded by the council are not only scientifically sound but also ethically conducted.
This commitment to ethical research practices has been a cornerstone in building public trust and confidence in the findings generated by ICMR-funded studies.
Highlighting the impact of ICMR-funded research is essential in appreciating the council’s contribution to healthcare in India. From breakthrough discoveries to successful interventions, ICMR-supported studies have led to tangible improvements in health outcomes.
Case studies showcasing the journey from ICMR research topics and findings to real-world applications serve as inspiring examples of how scientific knowledge can translate into positive societal impacts.
While ICMR has achieved remarkable success in advancing health research, it is not without its challenges. Researchers face obstacles in conducting studies, ranging from resource constraints to logistical issues.
Acknowledging these challenges is crucial in finding solutions and optimizing the impact of ICMR-funded research. Additionally, there are opportunities for collaboration, both nationally and internationally, that can further enrich the research landscape and accelerate progress in addressing health challenges.
Looking ahead, ICMR envisions a future where health research continues to play a central role in shaping the well-being of the nation. Strategic goals include harnessing the power of technology and innovation to drive research advancements, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations, and addressing emerging health challenges.
The vision extends beyond the laboratory, emphasizing the translation of research findings into practical solutions that can positively impact the lives of individuals and communities across India.
In conclusion, the Indian Council of Medical Research stands as a beacon in the realm of healthcare research, tirelessly working towards advancements that contribute to the well-being of the nation.
By exploring ICMR research topics, understanding its methodology, and reflecting on success stories, we gain insight into the transformative power of scientific inquiry.
As ICMR continues to forge ahead, the future of health research in India looks promising, guided by a vision of innovation, collaboration, and a steadfast commitment to improving the health of all citizens.
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Email citation, add to collections.
Your saved search, create a file for external citation management software, your rss feed.
Affiliations.
Background and objective: Economic evaluations are one of the important tools in policy making for rational allocation of resources. Given the very low public investment in the health sector in India, it is critical that resources are used wisely on interventions proven to yield best results. Hence, we undertook this study to assess the extent and quality of evidence for economic evaluation of health-care interventions and programmes in India.
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to search for published full economic evaluations pertaining to India and addressing a health-related intervention or programme. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and York CRD database and websites of important research agencies were identified to search for economic evaluations published from January 1980 to the middle of November 2014. Two researchers independently assessed the quality of the studies based on Drummond and modelling checklist.
Results: Out of a total of 5013 articles enlisted after literature search, a total of 104 met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The majority of these papers were cost-effectiveness studies (64%), led by a clinician or public-health professional (77%), using decision analysis-based methods (59%), published in an international journal (80%) and addressing communicable diseases (58%). In addition, 42% were funded by an international funding agency or UN/bilateral aid agency, and 30% focussed on pharmaceuticals. The average quality score of these full economic evaluations was 65.1%. The major limitation was the inability to address uncertainties involved in modelling as only about one-third of the studies assessed modelling structural uncertainties (33%), or ran sub-group analyses to account for heterogeneity (36.5%) or analysed methodological uncertainty (32%).
Conclusion: The existing literature on economic evaluations in India is inadequate to feed into sound policy making. There is an urgent need to generate awareness within the government of how economic evaluation can inform and benefit policy making, and at the same time build capacity of health-care professionals in understanding the economic principles of health-care delivery system.
PubMed Disclaimer
Full text sources.
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .
Akram ahmad.
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Guru prasad mohanta, haechung chung.
3 Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
Phamacoeconomics can aid the policy makers and the healthcare providers in decision making in evaluating the affordability of and access to rational drug use. Efficiency is a key concept of pharmacoeconomics, and various strategies are suggested for buying the greatest amount of benefits for a given resource use. Phamacoeconomic evaluation techniques such as cost minimization analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, cost benefit analysis, and cost utilization analysis, which support identification and quantification of cost of drugs, are conducted in a similar way, but vary in measurement of value of health benefits and outcomes. This article provides a brief overview about pharmacoeconomics, its utility with respect to the Indian pharmaceutical industry, and the expanding insurance system in India. Pharmacoeconomic evidences can be utilized to support decisions on licensing, pricing, reimbursement, and maintenance of formulary procedure of pharmaceuticals. For the insurance companies to give better facility at minimum cost, India must develop the platform for pharmacoeconomics with a validating methodology and appropriate training. The role of clinical pharmacists including PharmD graduates are expected to be more beneficial than the conventional pharmacists, as they will be able to apply the principles of economics in daily basis practice in community and hospital pharmacy.
Healthcare community is ever more sensitive to costs, as the overall health expenditures are escalating. Accordingly, appraisal of goods and services in healthcare goes beyond evaluation of safety and efficacy in which the economic impact of these goods and services on the cost of healthcare is also considered. As in economics, efficiency is the key concept in the pharmacoeconomics, and this principle helps one to design strategies for buying the greatest amount of benefits for a given resource use.[ 1 ]
Resources such as materials and equipments allocated for healthcare are scarce; nevertheless, their possible usages are infinite. Hence, it is a challenge for healthcare professionals to provide quality patient care with minimum cost. Given the limitations on healthcare resources, there is increased interest in assessing the value for money, or economic efficiency of healthcare treatments and programs. Economic evaluation, analyzing costs and outcomes of several alternative therapies can also be a useful approach; though can be very difficult to accomplish.[ 2 ]
In an environment where the cost of healthcare is sky rocketing, insurers are looking for evidence that can support decisions that determine purchasing, contracting, and inclusion of new medications in the formularies. The producers of medications therefore, have to assess the value of the drugs, both in terms of economic worth and clinical efficacy.[ 3 ] “Doctors prescribe, patients consume and, increasingly throughout the world, third purchasing parties (government insurance companies) pay the bill with money that they have obtained from increasingly reluctant healthy members of the public”.[ 4 ] Pharmacoeconomics identifies, measures, and compares the costs and consequences of pharmaceutical products and services.”[ 5 ] It involves economic evaluation of drug development, drug production, and drug marketing, i.e., all the steps that take place from the time the drug is manufactured to when it reaches the patients.[ 6 ]
The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) defines pharmacoeconomics as “the field of study that evaluates the behavior of individuals, firms, and markets relevant to the use of pharmaceutical products, services, and programs, and which frequently focuses on the costs (inputs) and consequences (outcomes) of that use”.[ 7 ]
Pharmacy was finally recognized as a clinical discipline within the healthcare system in the early 1960s. At this time, disciplines within the pharmaceutical sciences such as clinical pharmacy, drug information, and pharmacokinetics became an important part of pharmacy education and sciences. Pharmacoeconomics developed its roots in 1970s.[ 8 ] The first book on health economics was published in 1973 and in 1978, McGhan, Rowland, and Bootman from the University of Minnesota introduced the concept of cost-benefit and cost effectiveness analysis.[ 9 ] Utilizing sophisticated pharmacokinetic protocols, Bootman, et al .,[ 10 ] published an early pharmacy research article in 1979 in which cost-benefit analysis was employed to appraise the outcomes of individualizing aminoglycoside dosages to severely burned patients with gram-negative septicemia. In 1983, Ohio State University College of Pharmacy initiated a specialized pharmacy academic program with the objective of providing an overview of the application of cost benefit and cost effective analysis in healthcare, with emphasis on their application to the delivery of pharmaceutical care.
Initially, defined as “analysis of the costs of drug therapy to healthcare systems and society”,[ 8 ] the actual term “pharmacoeconomics” first appeared in the literature in 1986 when Townsend's work was published to highlight the need to develop research activities in this new discipline. In 1992, a journal named “Pharmacoeconomics” was launched.
Pharmaeconomic studies compare costs, clinical, and humanistic outcomes associated with different therapies. The evaluation mechanisms delineated are often helpful in demonstrating the cost impact of innovative treatments, granting greater acceptance by healthcare providers, administrators, and the public.
There are four major types of pharmacoeconomic analysis:
A: Cost-minimization analysis
B: Cost-effectiveness analysis
C: Cost-benefit analysis
D: Cost-utility analysis
Major types of pharmacoeconomic analysis, formula and application given in Table 1 .[ 1 , 11 , 12 ]
Major types of pharmacoeconomic analysis-definition, formula and applications[ 1 , 11 , 12 ]
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a hub where medications can be produced at a low price and still be of international quality. It witnessed a robust growth from the production turnover of about 1.14 billion dollars in 1990 to over 22.73 billion dollars in 2009-10, comprising about Rs, 14.1 billion dollars of domestic market and 9.58 billion dollars of exports.[ 13 ] In terms of production, the India pharma industry ranks 3 rd on a global scale, whereas in terms of turnover worth, it ranks 14 th . Medication prices are among the lowest prices in the world. However, the overall expenses associated with medications continue to soar in the country.[ 13 ] Although India is a producer of abundance of quality drug at low cost, only one third of its population has access to essential medicines.
More than 68% (Census 2011)[ 14 ] of the population lives in villages and work on farms or perform other menial jobs and are paid on a day to day basis. In rural areas comprised of villages and small towns, primary health-centers and community health-centers are put into service by the state government. On the breadline, the rural population heavily depend on the government funded hospitals for procuring healthcare.
In India, allopathic and alternative medicine healthcare practices (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) operate side by side. Many patients switch from one practice to another when relief is not adequate. The quality of healthcare services is much better in the urban areas compared with rural areas. Some rural areas might have very minimalistic healthcare. The practice of procuring private healthcare for many people is on the rise. The challenge that the Indian government faces is to make healthcare affordable for the majority of people in the country who cannot afford healthcare. Allopathic medications have a big market in India. In 2004, 5.2% of nominal GDP was spent on producing allopathic medications which is equivalent to US $34.9 billion. In 2005-2009, it grew by 12% per annum, i.e., 5.5% of nominal GDP which is equivalent to US $60.9 billion. As far as the ratio of doctors and nurses to the population is concerned, it is 5.9 doctors, 0.8 nurses, and 0.47 midwives for 1,000 people, which adds up to 1.86 health workers for every 1000 populace. The statistics provided by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's Health Information of India state that in 2004, there were 67,576 government doctors in India who provided healthcare to 15,980 people.[ 15 ] Out of the $24 million spent on healthcare in India, about 77% money is spent on private healthcare, i.e., US $18.643 million. Of the 77% money spend on private healthcare; about 86% is out of pocket expenditure. The public sector expenditure is 21%, i.e. US $5.04 million and the external aids amounts to the remaining 2%, i.e., US $0.48 million.[ 16 ] Limited number of people have health insurance in India. The major issues that govern insurance penetration are the extent and type of coverage. About 10% of the total population has insurance through health financing schemes. The ironic situation is that the insurers leave out the poor and the ill population as they cannot afford the prepayment schemes. The insurance that people purchase voluntarily accounts for Rs. 4 billion, i.e., US $86.3 million, and is estimated to grow at a very fast pace.[ 17 ]
Historically, the principles of pharmacoeconomics were applied in the field of hospital pharmacy activities. The cost effectiveness data were used to support the addition or deletion of a drug to or from a hospital formulary. At present, the pharmacoeconomic assessment of formulary actions has become a standardized part of many pharmacy and therapeutic committees.
In India, the estimate for the development of New Chemical Entity (NCE) is often quoted at US $90-100 million due to lower input costs. For every 10,000 NCE in discovery, ten enter preclinical development, five enter human trials, and only one might be approved.[ 18 ] Accordingly, large amount of money spent on pursuing a useless chemical entity is borne by the consumer. Pharmacoeconomic studies may be planned and conducted at the clinical development stages (phases 1 to 3) and post-marketing research stage (phase 4). Subsequently, studies may need to be conducted at several stages of pharmaceutical research.[ 12 ]
The initial clinical trial endeavors to determine the toxicity profile of the drug of interest in humans. It is during this stage that cost of illness studies should be accomplished to aid in deciding whether to further develop the drug and gather background data for future pharmacoeconomic evaluations or not. Cost of illness data may also aid in the development of preliminary models to assess the clinical benefits that must be achieved to have a marketable product.
In phase 2 trials, the drug is administered to a limited number of patients with the target disease. During this phase, cost of illness studies can begin or continue, as can preliminary development of quality of life and recourse utilization instruments. Models can be refined as more information is available about the clinical aspects of the drug.
Cost of illness data can be an important factor that can determine the marketability of drugs. In the phase 3 clinical trials, the drugs are administered to the patients similarly as they would be when they are marketed. At this stage, the discussion, planning, and pharmacoeconomic studies are of prime importance. It is recommended that clinical studies presenting pharmacoeconomic evaluation be conducted along with efficacy evaluation of the drugs. Even though pharmacoeconomic evaluations might be time consuming and may delay the new drug application (NDA) process, they should be done unless the drug is very innovative and has no other alternatives.
Phase 4 trials consist of the post-marketing phase. Pharmacoeconomics can be applied to retrospective and prospective studies involving the drug. Pharmacoeconomic evaluations provide information about cost and outcomes of drugs in real life settings unlike clinical trials that are conducted in controlled settings. Pharmacoeconomic evaluations conducted during clinical trials give information about the efficacy of drugs, which in turn provide an approximation to the real world. Pharmacoeconomic evaluations and clinical trials can be conducted in conjunction with each other in several ways:
Evidence about drug quality, efficacy, and safety is an essential requirement for drug licensing and regulation. Given the ever-increasing healthcare costs, this evidence needs to be backed by evidence of cost-effectiveness as well. In simple words, evidence comparing the effectiveness of available treatments for a particular disease condition and their related costs need to be presented to the federal body before they are introduced in the market.
Australia was the first country to form evidence based guidelines about medication reimbursement on the basis of cost-effectiveness research. Since 1993, the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme enforces the production of evidence about economic evaluation of the drug before its introduction in the market.[ 19 ] The drug manufacturer provides the submission form to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee for inclusion of the drug in the reimbursement list who then verify the evidence provided by the manufacturer. The committee provides recommendations to the health ministry about drug inclusion in the reimbursement list on the basis of evidence about its cost effectiveness. The final decision making by the policy makers about the cost-effectiveness of the drug is determined by the following factors:
The committee is willing to introduce a “breakthrough” medication which might be a bit pricey, provided the manufacturer has invested considerably in its development and production in contrast to ‘me-too drugs’ which have similar counterpart's existent in the market. In spite of this, relative cost effectiveness is an important criterion. So, many other countries like UK, Belgium, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Hungary also follow a similar process such as Australia. The Netherlands also introduced a formal process of economic evaluation in 2005. Germany has an institution for economic evaluation research and Spain has regional centers that perform health technology assessment. In Denmark, France, and Italy, pharmaceutical companies provide data about economic evaluation on a voluntary basis. These data when provided are given importance and consideration.[ 20 ] Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in United States and Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India do not require an economic analysis for Drug approval. A new drug has to be approved for a program based on pharmacoeconomic analysis.
Formulary creation involves preparing, updating, and using a list of essential medications with their detailed information (formulary manual) and standard treatment guidelines (STGs). A formulary list is an indicator of good pharmaceutical practice and rational drug usage. The formulary consists of appropriate therapies and cost-effective medications which are of a good quality. It is a precise list which makes the process of procuring, storing, distributing, and using the drugs very easy.[ 21 ] The medications that are part of a formulary, have the following advantages:
The formulary system, right from the national level to the institutional level, can be strengthened with the help of studies in the areas. It will also help for the rationalization of the drug procurement system in the country and for the practical implementation of the standard treatment protocols.
In the Indian health insurance system, mostly inpatient services are covered, so it is necessary to stay for a day in the hospital to claim the insurance. This, instead of saving costs leads to cost inflation. It is necessary to have some mechanism in place, whereby the insurers can strike a contract with healthcare providers and healthcare systems that can help in cost containment,[ 21 , 22 ] There is an added need for insurance systems that encourage consumer to contain costs by providing incentives as well as contain their health expenditure.[ 23 ] In case of members with multiple coverage, it is necessary that the benefits offered and liability achieved are coordinated and regulated. There needs to be further expansion of insurance services other than inpatient services, and more focus should be placed on preventive care and wellness programs.[ 24 ]
By implementing pharmacoeconomic principle in the hospital administration and treatment protocols, both the patients and the insurance industry will benefit. Patients will receive better quality healthcare at reduced costs, and the insurance companies will be able to provide enhanced care to their clients at minimum cost.
As third largest producer of drugs by volume, Indian pharmaceutical industry has diversity of medicines; yet, brand name prescriptions are the rule of the day. Formulary system is very weak and treatment protocols exist only in theory. The resources are scarce and competing programs are plenty in healthcare. The concept of healthcare insurance is yet to be popularized in the country.[ 1 ] Given the issues prevalent in the Indian healthcare system, pharmacoeconomics has many applications. Pharmacoeconomics can aid in decision making when evaluating the affordability of and access to the right medication to the right patient at the right time, comparing two drugs in the same therapeutic class or drugs with similar mechanism of action, and in establishing accountability that the claims by a manufacturer regarding a drug are justified.
Practicing pharmacists in community, hospital, and clinical settings in India can benefit considerably from the application of the principles of pharmacoeconomic into their normal practice settings. Proper application of pharmacoeconomics will empower the pharmacy practitioners and administrators to make better and more informed decisions regarding products and services they provide. Pharmacotherapy decisions traditionally depended solely on clinical outcomes like safety and efficacy, but pharmacoeconomics teaches us that there are three basic outcomes to be considered clinical, economic, and humanistic in drug therapy. It is accepted by all that appropriate drug selection decisions could not be made today based on acquisition costs only. Applied pharmacoeconomics can help in decision making, in assessing the affordability of medicines to the patients, access to the medicines when needed, and comparing various products for treatment of a disease. It will provide evidence contraindicating the promotion of certain types of high-cost medicines and services.
Pharmacoeconomics has use in health policy decision making and can be applied by a number of healthcare professionals such as policy makers, primary healthcare providers, health-care administrators, and health managers. Available in large quantities, Indian primary care providers are often bombarded with many new drugs of the same category, in addition to the existing drugs. Introduction of new drugs can confuse the doctors and administrators for the judicious selection and rational use of medicines. When introducing new medications, its outcome should be equal or more effective compared to the existing drug and shall have some economic or related advantage.
Evidence about pharmacoeconomics can aid pharmacists and policy makers in the decision-making process about the use of medications and healthcare services. With clinical training about self-medication, Ayush physicians, i.e., Ayurvedic and Naturopathic physicians focus more on diagnostic rather than therapeutic skills, and they do not know much about the drugs, i.e., the brand name, the strength, the formulation, and the dose in specific conditions. Pharmacological and pharmacoeconomic knowledge is acquired and can be applied in practical prescribing skills. Conventional pharmacists also don’t know much about proper medication use. Present qualification of pharmacist in India is Diploma in pharmacy (2-year study, plus 500 h practical training in hospital) and B.Pharm 4-year degree program and its curriculum does not provide sufficient information, practice, and knowledge about pharmacoeconomics. To overcome such a dilemma, the government of India introduced a new program in pharmacy education named PharmD (2008), which highlights the principles of pharmacoeconomics in its syllabus. Consequently, we can expect the future M.pharm pharmacy practice and new generation of clinical pharmacists and PharmD graduates to be more beneficial than conventional pharmacist as they can be expected to implement the principles of economics in daily basis practice in community and hospital pharmacy.
With ever increasing healthcare costs, value added care provided to the patients by individual healthcare institution needs to be further researched. The development of pharamcoeconomics is at an infancy stage in India at the moment, despite the rapid growth of clinical research. India is an affordable destination for conducting clinical research for many western countries. The India Chapter of ISPOR has been formed, but it needs to develop the platform for pharmacoeconomics. We hope in India clinical pharmacists including PharmD graduates be more beneficial than conventional pharmacists as they can implement the principles of economics in daily basis practice in community and hospital pharmacy.
All authors have significantly contributed to the project in terms of conceptualization, writing and reviewing the entire document.
Source of Support: Nil
Conflict of Interest: None declared.
This article is authored by emily myers, nidhi chaudhary and lm singh..
The post-Covid era has prompted a renewed focus on the resilience and adaptability of health care systems, and India stands at a critical juncture. While substantial investments and enhanced interest have bolstered the Indian health care sector, there is an urgent need to ensure that every rupee spent translates into tangible improvements in health care accessibility, quality and equity.
As we near the pivotal juncture of the country’s budget allocation, health care spending is in the spotlight. Recent estimates from the Union health ministry's National Health Accounts (NHA) show the evolving picture in health care financing. With the government and household share of health spending at 41.4% and 47.1%, respectively, in 2019-20, there is a trend towards more government financing in health care, a new precedent for the health system. This shift underscores the evolving role of health care in India's dynamic economy and signals a positive trajectory for the sector. However, as government spending on health increases, allocative efficiency becomes ever more important.
This is why health economics emerges as a powerful tool. By applying economic principles to health care issues, health economists can optimise expenditures and ensure equitable allocations in publicly financed health systems. Yet, to fully harness the potential of health economics, we must address critical gaps. While India has many highly trained health economists, there are very few working in government, and academics have limited opportunities and incentives to work directly with government counterparts in planning and conducting analysis. The result is missed opportunities for evidence to inform policy. There is an urgent need to increase human resources, enhance capacity and solidify links between economists and the government.
While the government has developed an institutional framework for health technology assessment, which uses economic methods to evaluate drugs and health care technologies, gaps persist in evaluating the economic implications of public health interventions and healthcare guidelines. Consequently, the majority of the budget allocations towards addressing public health problems may not have undergone rigorous economic evaluation.
The shortage of dedicated analysts within government health agencies compounds this challenge. Health economists are pivotal in guiding policymakers to formulate effective strategies and make informed decisions. Therefore, investing in health economics skills within government and fostering collaboration between government and research institutions supporting this function is imperative.
Recruiting and retaining health economists into public service is not only a challenge in India but also globally. Addressing this scarcity of skills requires proactive measures. Initiatives must be undertaken to equip government health economists with advanced methods for economic evaluation that assess the health benefits and costs of interventions, enabling, a more objective and evidence-based approach to health care policy decisions.
One promising initiative to bridge this gap is the collaboration between Vital Strategies and the Directorate of Health Services, Maharashtra. Through intensive training programmes, health economists mentor health staff to conduct economic evaluations of policy options for addressing public health challenges. This knowledge can be further disseminated by training additional colleagues, forming a sustainable group of experts capable of maximising government health budgets.
The challenges we face in resource allocation must be met with strategic and innovative solutions. Health economic evaluation emerges as a valuable compass in navigating these complexities.
Initiatives to increase the number of health economists working in, or collaborating with, government are crucial and worthy of investment. By addressing the scarcity of skills, promoting training programmes, safeguarding effective budget allocation and facilitating international collaboration, India can chart a path towards more efficient and equitable health care allocation, paving the way for a healthier and more prosperous nation.
Emily Myers, senior technical advisor, Data Impact, Nidhi Chaudhary, principal technical advisor, Data Impact Program, Asia-Pacific Region and L M Singh, Managing, director India and global head, Partnerships and Innovative Finance, Vital Strategies
Discover the world's research
Title: | Health economics impact of health insurance on health care services in India : |
Researcher: | Poursamad, Abdollah |
Guide(s): | |
Keywords: | Building Health Systems Health Health Care Services - India Health Economics Health Insurance Health Services System Health System - India Public Health |
Upload Date: | 1-Oct-2015 |
University: | University of Mysore |
Completed Date: | 2014 |
Abstract: | newline |
Pagination: | |
URI: | |
Appears in Departments: | |
File | Description | Size | Format | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Attached File | 141.76 kB | Adobe PDF | ||
154.46 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
185.26 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
120.39 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
206.05 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
239.15 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
121.02 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
476.76 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
910.75 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
2.6 MB | Adobe PDF | |||
210.24 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
102.46 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
107.85 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
107.03 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
109.72 kB | Adobe PDF | |||
116.31 kB | Adobe PDF |
Items in Shodhganga are licensed under Creative Commons Licence Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.
Andy Tay is a freelance writer in Singapore.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You have full access to this article via your institution.
Download a PDF of this graphic
This year, India overtook China to become the world’s most populous country. But it struggles to develop its economy and lags behind many other nations in terms of its investment in science and technology. How can better funding for research help its economic development?
India has the world’s largest population, but how well does it look after all those people? The Human Development Index is a United Nations metric that quantifies a country’s human development in terms of health, lifespan, education and standard of living.
Source: https://data.worldbank.org ; United Nations Development Programme. Infographic by Mohamed Ashour
In some key indicators of human development, India lags behind high-income countries such as the United States. For easy comparison, the scores in these radar charts are given in the percentile rankings of each country compared with all other countries.
Source: United Nations Development Programme; https://worldpopulationreview.com ; https://www.numbeo.com ; https://data.worldbank.org ; RSF Reporters without Borders. Infographic by Mohamed Ashour
India spends less than the global average on research and development (R&D), but it has kept this spending largely consistent as its economy has grown in the past two decades. A good indication of a science-based society is the proportion of investment in research from private sources. India lags behind other countries in this metric. It is, however, the world’s largest outsourcer of programmers, and 60% of the world’s vaccines are produced in the country. And in August this year, India joined an exclusive club, becoming only the fourth country to make a soft landing on the Moon.
Source: https://data.worldbank.org ; https://sgp.fas.org ; Government of India’s Department of Science & Technology. Infographic by Mohamed Ashour
India has a smaller proportion of people with a university-degree-level qualification than many other nations, but those who do get an undergraduate degree are much more likely to complete a PhD. Indeed, India has the highest proportion of university graduates who go on to complete a doctoral degree in the world, at around 5% of graduates.
Source: https://gpseducation.oecd.org . Infographic by Mohamed Ashour
India is among the world‘s most prolific publishers of research, behind only the United States and China.
Source: https://www.scimagojr.com ; https://data.worldbank.org . Infographic by Mohamed Ashour
Nature 624 , S20-S21 (2023)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-03907-5
This article is part of Nature Spotlight: India , an editorially independent supplement. Advertisers have no influence over the content.
Carbon pricing reduces emissions
News & Views 24 JUL 24
Megastudy shows that reminders boost vaccination but adding free rides does not
Article 26 JUN 24
Extending the Sustainable Development Goals to 2050 — a road map
Comment 17 JUN 24
Japan moves to halt long-term postgraduate decline by tripling number of PhD graduates
Nature Index 29 AUG 24
No more hunting for replication studies: crowdsourced database makes them easy to find
Nature Index 27 AUG 24
Can South Korea regain its edge in innovation?
Nature Index 21 AUG 24
An ethical way forward for Indigenous microbiome research
Outlook 02 SEP 24
Indian landslide tragedy demands a rethink of hazard mapping in a changing climate
Correspondence 27 AUG 24
We are junior scientists from emerging economies — the world needs more researchers like us solving global problems
Career Column 26 JUL 24
IOP is the leading research institute in China in condensed matter physics and related fields. Through the steadfast efforts of generations of scie...
Beijing, China
Institute of Physics (IOP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
FACULTY POSITION IN THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
Dallas, Texas (US)
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern Medical Center)
Permanent researcher positions for materials science.
NIMS (Tsukuba, Japan) invites international applications from researchers who can conduct research in materials science.
Tsukuba, Ibaraki (JP)
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
IFReC, Osaka University in Japan offers Advanced Postdoc Positions for Immunology, Cell Biology, Bioinformatics and Bioimaging.
Suita Campus, Osaka University in Osaka, Japan
Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.
IEG - © 2022 Copyright IEG . All Rights Reserved.
The Health Policy Research Unit (HPRU) was set up in 1998, to consolidate, continue, and significantly expand the research in the area of health economics and policy in IEG.
The objective of HPRU is to carry out research that is directly relevant to the changing health scenario in India, and the focus is on topics that either are currently of interest to policymakers, or should be brought to their notice.
Thus, the past as well as future research agenda is an amalgam of current topics of interest, as well as new areas where changes are anticipated. The aim continues to be to build up a strong world-class research expertise, to do collaborative research across organizations, institutes, states as well as countries, and to inform policymaking in priority areas.
Some of the major research in HPRU has been in the following broad areas:
(i) Health and poverty, with a focus on human development.
(ii) Health issues of vulnerable populations like the elderly, adolescents, women
(iii) Health financing: alternative modes as well as for specific areas like immunization
(iv) Health insurance in the context of universal coverage and analysis of alternative modes – social, voluntary and community health insurance
(v) Determinants of demand for health care.
(vi) Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS, Cardiovascular Diseases
(vii) International agreements like WTO and GATS in the context of the health sector
(viii) Adoption of health technology
(ix) Costing and cost-effectiveness of health interventions.
While these have been the major areas of focus, the HPRU has from time to time done research on other topics of interest like the economic analysis of the illegal drug market in Delhi and economics of tobacco consumption. The research has expanded to include not only India, but also other countries, especially other South Asian countries.
While a significant part of the funding for its research activities have come from outside, the research agenda has been set by the unit members themselves.
Some of the major funding agencies are: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; UN organizations like the World Bank, WHO, UNAIDS, UNDP; major bilaterals like the DFID, AUSAID, SIDA; international NGOs like the Population Council; and international organizations like the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Centre for Global Development (CGD), Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Ford Foundation etc.
The exceptional quality of research on health in IEG has earned it a reputation of being one of the leading institutes where health research takes place in India. The flexibility in its research agenda and the research freedom offered to its staff continue to be important incentives for both experienced and inexperienced researchers to join the health unit.
In addition to research, HPRU staff has undertaken a variety of training for both government and non-government staff on topics of health economics and policy, as well as applied econometrics for health sector analysis. The staff of HPRU has also been involved in lending technical support to many national and international organizations. Finally, HPRU members have a presence in many high-level committees and advisory groups.
IEG hopes to consolidate its position as a key institute and a leader on research on health economics and policy, and aims to engage policymakers in dialogues and discourses that would effect changes in key decisions and policies in the health sector of the country.
Head : Prof. Indrani Gupta Email ID: [email protected]
Institute of Economic Growth, University Enclave, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110 007, India
+91-11-27666364/6367, 27667101/7288/7365/7424
+91-11-27667410
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
nomics can help us avert the situation that arose in the wake of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Applying the core principles of Health Economics to a situation like that would help avert bad outcomes. In this article, the authors begin by defining and establishing the concepts of Health Economics and then building on them. We further explain the concepts in light of the Indian Economy and ...
Healthcare is a growing industry in India and is valued at nearly $40 billion. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of the total healthcare spending, which is mostly out-of-pocket. Increasing population, longer life-expectancy, decline in infant mortality, more disposable income and therefore, ability to afford private healthcare ...
Health Services Research, 38(6 Part 1), 1403-1421. Crossref. PubMed. Google Scholar. Hanson K., & Berman P. (1998). Private health care provision in developing countries: A preliminary analysis of levels and composition. ... Improving health outcomes and health care in India [Economics Department Working Papers No. 1184]. OECD Publishing ...
The Health Policy Research Unit (HPRU) was set up in 1998, to consolidate, continue, and significantly expand the research in the area of health economics and policy in IEG. Read More The objective of HPRU is to carry out research that is directly relevant to the changing health scenario in India, and the focus is on topics that either are ...
This brings forth the fact that sponsorship and motivation are the major factors in conducting such evaluations in India. In addition, we report on the diversity of other health economics and outcomes research studies from India, including QoL or patient reported outcomes studies.
1. Introduction. Health economics is a growing subject in India. In the international scenario, health economics had its conceptual origin long back with the support of organizations like WHO and International Clinical Epidemiology Network. 1, 2, 3 During subsequent decades, the practical applications of this got conceived slowly in the industrialized countries.
Abstract. Health economics has long been neglected as a subset of the larger discipline of Economics and Finance. However, this could not be further from the truth. There is a large body of researchers and professionals alike that are of the consensus that extensive studying and working upon Healthcare Economics can help us avert the situation ...
India spent 3.8% of its GDP on health in the year 2015-16, but only 1.18% of this was on public health 4. This implies that of the total health expenditure, public health accounted for merely 30.6%, while the remaining was out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) or private expenditure 4. According to the latest estimates, the proportion of ailments ...
Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE) is an exciting collaborative and interdisciplinary research centre that has been set up with a 10 crore competitive research grant from the Wellcome Trust/ DBT India Alliance through collaborations between the L V Prasad Eye Institute, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) and Indian Institute of Public ...
Background and objective Economic evaluations are one of the important tools in policy making for rational allocation of resources. Given the very low public investment in the health sector in India, it is critical that resources are used wisely on interventions proven to yield best results. Hence, we undertook this study to assess the extent and quality of evidence for economic evaluation of ...
the sick and elevation of health. Health Economics is difficult to define in a few words because it encompasses such a broad range of concepts, theories, and topics. The Mosby Medical Encyclopedia (1992, p. 361) defines Health Economics as follows: Health economics studies the supply and demand of health care resources and the impact of health ...
Health Economics and Outcome Research journal aims to disseminate the latest information on the economics of healthcare delivery such that the care of the individuals and improvement in the individual quality of life is central to the economic policy development. The journal emphasizes customized healthcare service and strives to provide novel ...
studies on personalized medicine. India will be the most populous country in the world. by 2030, and nearly 200 million Indians will be at least. 60 years of age by 2025. However, the growing ...
The landscape of healthcare research in India has been significantly shaped by the endeavors of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Established in 1911, the ICMR has played a pivotal role in advancing medical knowledge, informing health policies, and fostering collaborations to address pressing health challenges in the country.
Abstract. Background and objective: Economic evaluations are one of the important tools in policy making for rational allocation of resources. Given the very low public investment in the health sector in India, it is critical that resources are used wisely on interventions proven to yield best results. Hence, we undertook this study to assess ...
The statistics provided by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's Health Information of India state that in 2004, there were 67,576 government doctors in India who provided healthcare to 15,980 people. Out of the $24 million spent on healthcare in India, about 77% money is spent on private healthcare, i.e., US $18.643 million.
Research objective 2: To study the health insurance industry and identify the critical ... respectively. As per the 2015 Healthcare Outlook of India published by Deloitte, India's public health system is not robust. There are issues related to inadequate funding, more than 100% bed occupancy, leading to overcrowding, and poor access to ...
Health economists are pivotal in guiding policymakers to formulate effective strategies and make informed decisions. Therefore, investing in health economics skills within government and fostering ...
WELCOME TO IHEPA! The Indian Health Economics and Policy Association (IHEPA) is a registered society under the Society's Registration Act 1960. The office is located at International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai. IHEPA welcomes all those interested in issues relating to health economics and policy to be a part of this association.
Though the spending on healthcare is. 6% of gross domestic product (GDP), the state. expenditure is only 0.9% of the total spending (4). Moreover, the available resources are not used efficiently ...
The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access. ... Health Care Services - India Health Economics Health Insurance Health Services System Health System - India Public Health: Upload Date: 1-Oct-2015: University ...
India spends less than the global average on research and development (R&D), but it has kept this spending largely consistent as its economy has grown in the past two decades.
The Health Policy Research Unit (HPRU) was set up in 1998, to consolidate, continue, and significantly expand the research in the area of health economics and policy in IEG. The objective of HPRU is to carry out research that is directly relevant to the changing health scenario in India, and the focus is on topics that either are currently of ...