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Theses & dissertations

Connect through to format examples which provide a review of each component that needs to be included in a reference.

Then move to the FURTHER EXAMPLES table with many examples of book and e-book format types. 

Basic format to reference a Ph.D. dissertation, or a Master or B.S. thesis

 [#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Type of thesis (Ph.D. dissertation, or M.S. thesis),  Abbrev . Dept.,  Abbrev .  Univ ., City of  University , (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known'),  Year of Publication. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file

Referencing elements to cite:

• [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
• Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• Ph.D. dissertation, or a M.S. thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D. or the M.S. thesis
• Abbreviation of the University
• City of University
• State Abbreviation
• Year of Publication 
• Type of medium
• Available: site/path/file

[1]    K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/25679/

[2]     M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles,"  M.S. thesis,  College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne , Mar. 2016. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/32281/1/LONG% 20Michael %20-%20Thesis.pdf

Basic format to reference a Bachelor thesis

[#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known''), Year of Publication. 

• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
• Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree

[2]   J. O. Williams, “Acoustic analysis of sound,” B.S. Thesis, Sch. of Eng. and  Appl . Sciences.,  Harvard  Univ ., Cambridge,  MA, 2013.

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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

• 2-minute read
• 24th March 2021

Did you know you can cite someone else’s thesis or dissertation in your own work? In this post, we’ll explain how this works in IEEE referencing .

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

In-text citations in IEEE referencing use numbers in square brackets:

Reactive forensics focuses on an incident after it has occurred [1].

These numbers point to sources in the reference list, with sources numbered in the order you cite them (i.e., the first source is always [1], the second is [2], and so on).

For more on citing sources IEEE style, see our blog post on the subject .

Adding a Thesis or Dissertation in an IEEE Reference List

In an IEEE reference list, the basic format for a thesis or dissertation is:

[#] INITIAL (S). Surname, “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Qualification Type, Department Name, University Name, City of University, State/Country, Year.

If possible, you should abbreviate any commonly used terms from this list in the entry (e.g., “University” is usually abbreviated to just “Univ.”).

You can see how this might look in practice below:

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[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020.

Make sure to include the hanging indent in all references as well.

Theses and Dissertations Accessed Online

If you accessed a thesis or dissertation online, give either a URL or DOI at the end of the reference. The exact format depends on which you give:

• For a URL (i.e., a regular web address), include “[Online]” and the URL itself with no final punctuation at the end of the reference.
• For a DOI , add the DOI after a comma and end the reference with a period.

You can see examples of both styles below:

[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1923/

[2] B. S. Bello, “Reverse engineering the behaviour of Twitter bots,” PhD Thesis, School of Informatics, Univ. of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Year, doi: 10.25392/leicester.data.12662456.v1.

Otherwise, though, the reference format is the same as shown above.

Expert IEEE Proofreading

Hopefully, you now feel confident citing a thesis or a dissertation in IEEE style. If you’d like further help checking your references, why not submit a free sample document and select IEEE referencing on upload to see how our experts work?

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Theses and Dissertations

Ieee resources.

• IEEE Citation Guidelines Give information on "How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style"
• IEEE Editorial Style Manual This style manual provides general editing guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. Updated 2016.
• CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Another tool to find bibliographic information for journals and abbreviated journal titles.
• The IEEE Communications Society Publications Department Style Guide Updated 2018.

Thank you to the librarians of  Monash  University  and the  American University of  Sharja  for allowing us to reuse and remix content from their IEEE guides.

Citing Theses and Dissertations in IEEE

Theses or dissertations (print)

Example where standard words abbrevate the name of the "Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering" become "Dept. Elect. and Comput. Syst. Eng.,"

See also that  you are using the  standard abbreviations  for theses and dissertations     

Ph.D. dissertation (Australian origin)

Note: City and Country details are needed for theses authored outside of the United States.

Ph.D. dissertation (US origin)

  Note: City only  is required if dissertation or theses is authored within United States.

Online thesis with a DOI

This is the preferred method for referencing an online thesis or dissertation over the online thesis with a URL. You can only use this method if you have a DOI.

As MIT stands for Massachusetts Institute of Technology the location details Cambridge, Massachusetts, is simplified to Cambridge.

Online thesis with a URL

Only use this method if your online thesis does not have a DOI

IEEE has not provided guidelines for theses which have a full text online version with a URL.  Recently published theses may have a print copy as well as an online version.  In most cases, Universities are making recently published theses publicly available online from University repositories.  The elements from the example for "world wide web" publications was followed, so the details were added to the end of the citation: [Type of medium]. Available: http://www.(URL).

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Basic format to reference a Ph.D. Dissertation

 [#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation,  Abbrev . Dept.,  Abbrev .  Univ ., City of  Univ .,  Abbrev . State, Year.

Referencing elements to cite:

• [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
• Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• Ph.D. dissertation
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D.
• Abbreviation of the University
• City of University
• State Abbreviation
• Year of Publication 

[1]    K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb., 2013.

Basic format to reference a Master or Bachelor thesis

[#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” M.S. or B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, Year.

• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
• Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• M.S. thesis for Master’s thesis or B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree

[2]    M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles,"  Research Master thesis, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb.,  Vic., 2016.

Referencing a theses: Examples

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References should be provided on a separate page at the end of your paper, with the title “References” at the top of the page. They should be listed and numbered in order of citation, not alphabetically. The numbers should be flush against the left margin, and separated from the body of the reference.

Some general notes on the format of references:

• Authors are always referred to by their surname and initials. Suffixes such as “Jr.” or “III” are included, but separated by a comma – e.g. “E. C. M. Boyle, III”.
• Any IEEE journals cited should be referred to by their official abbreviations, as listed by IEEE here .
• For references with up to six authors, list all authors in the order they are presented in the publication’s byline. Use the format “A. B. Author, C. D. Author, and E. F. Author”.
• For publications with seven or more authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”
• Titles of books, journals, and publications of similar size are set in title case.
• Titles of articles, technical reports, and publications of similar size are set in sentence case.
• If you are unsure whether to use sentence case or title case, err on the side of following the original capitalization.
• Names of months are shortened to 3-4 letters each: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.

The basic format for a book citation is as follows. As per usual, please note that any information not relevant to your citation should simply be left out – e.g., if there is only one edition of the book you are citing, don’t bother specifying “1 st  edition”.

If the book was accessed online, add “[Online]”, accompanied by the URL and date accessed, as follows:

Translators and editors can be added after the title, identified by the abbreviations “Trans.” or “Ed.”

If the volume is titled separately from the overall work, you can add the title of the series after the title of the volume.

To cite a specific chapter or section, add the title of the chapter/section before the book title, and include the chapter/section number and page range at the end. Use the abbreviations “ch.”, “sec.”, and “pp.”

Periodicals

Citing an article from a journal or other periodical is largely the same as citing a chapter in a book, as above – the only major difference is that one does not need to include a publisher when citing a periodical. One should, however, remember to check for official abbreviated versions of a journal’s title, especially if they are IEEE journals. Also, do include a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) whenever one is available.

Some periodicals use an “Article ID” rather than a DOI. In your reference list, treat this the same as a DOI, but label it “Art. no.” rather than “doi:”.

Any articles in another language should be presented with their title translated into the language of your paper, but with a parenthetical notation that they are, in fact, in another language so as to save your readers the trouble of tracking down an article only to find out they cannot read it.

However, an article that was originally written in another language but translated by someone else should have the translation information in parentheses at the end of the entry. The format of said information will vary depending on where the translation was printed – it should be essentially written as an entire reference entry in itself, just without a number.

The citation format for a website is straightforward, provided you remember that, if any information is unavailable (e.g. if a website lists no author), you can simply leave that out of your citation. You should also be willing to clean up the titles of webpages and websites if necessary – e.g., some web sources will have their titles set in all caps, but you need not retain that capitalization in citations.

Theses and Dissertations

The following guidelines apply to theses for bachelor’s or master’s degrees, as well as to PhD dissertations; these sources should, of course, only be used if there is not a formally-published version of the work, but often the only way to access certain information is through repository copies of dissertations.

Since they are not formally published, all publication information is replaced with information about the university department to which they were submitted. Note that names of departments and universities may be abbreviated wherever reasonable. It is also necessary to specify the distinction between a dissertation and a thesis. Where the template below has “document type”, you should not only specify one or the other, but also note the type of degree sought with said document – e.g. “B.S. thesis” or “PhD dissertation.”

In addition to the usual rule about the “state” field being optional if the document is from outside the United States, you should also omit the “state” field if the name of the state is contained within the name of the university – there is no need to specify that, for instance, the University of Maryland is located in Maryland. You do, however, have to retain the “city” field.

Note that if you are accessing this thesis or dissertation in an online repository, you must also include the URL, but an access date is optional.

Conferences and Presentations

To cite a presentation given at an academic conference, you must cite the name of the conference as well as the location where it took place. You should also include the date(s) on which the conference occurred. If the paper being presented has a “Paper Number”, as given at some IEEE conferences, then you should include that at the end of the citation. Conference names should be abbreviated where feasible.

Citing conference proceedings follows the same rules as citing any other periodical, with two exceptions. First, if the proceedings list an editor, they should be included. Second, you should include the location of the conference if known to you. If the conference proceedings you are citing have separate volume and series titles, follow the guidelines for volume/series distinctions under the Books section.

Note that the date in this citation is the publication date given for the proceedings, not the time of the original conference.

If the source is found online, include the URL or DOI as normal.

You may also cite a lecture or presentation given elsewhere, but it is encouraged that you only do so if the content of said lecture or presentation is available somewhere for your readers to see for themselves – otherwise, it’s not much of a source. IEEE guidelines presume that either the lecture or the lecturer’s notes are available online, and the citation is formatted as such.

In the case of lecture notes, you must specify the medium or the type of file – e.g., “PowerPoint slides” or “Plain Text Document”. If the full lecture is online as a recording, then the “Medium” field should simply read “Online”.

Technical Reports

To cite a technical report, you must cite not only the author and title, but the company, university, or other institution behind the report – such things are vitally important when citing information that has not been through the academic peer-review process. You should also cite the date and the report number.

Note that the name of the institution should be abbreviated where possible – e.g. “Corp.” rather than “Corporation”.   However, particularly when the institution in question is a university, you should try to include the name of the department or laboratory within the university responsible for the report – much like when citing a dissertation.

When using raw data compiled by someone else, you must cite the distributor, a URL or DOI, and a date accessed. If there are different versions of the dataset, be sure to include the version number in the title.

If the original compilers of the dataset have published their own paper on their results, it is generally wise to read and cite that source as well.

Government Documents

Generally, this refers to laws, bills, or similar. Government reports would fall under the “Reports” section above. Note that variation in format may be necessary when citing from governments outside the USA.

Manuals and Handbooks

The citation format of a manual varies slightly depending on whether it is being accessed in print or online. If it is online, the format is dependent on whether it is credited to a single author or to the institution as whole. The variants are as follows:

In the event you need to cite a patent document, the format is straightforward. You want the author, the patent title, the patent number, and the date it was filed. Note that patent numbering is specific to the country in which they were filed, so it is necessary to include the country in the patent number.

Unpublished Materials

There are a few different situations in which an unpublished document might need to be cited. If you are working with a paper that has yet to be published, but is being unofficially circulated – a situation that is fairly common given the long wait times involved in official publication – you should cite it as a normal journal article, but replace the specific volume / date information with “to be published”.

If the article has yet to even be accepted by a specific journal, replace all publication information with “submitted for publication”.

Perhaps you have access to a paper that is not even submitted for publication. In that case, it is simply cited as follows:

If the paper you want to cite is publicly available through an organization less official than a peer-reviewed journal, such as a paper repository or an open-access, non-peer-reviewed database, then you should specify where it can be found. This could be a URL, the name of a repository (include a paper number if available), or whatever other information seems necessary.

Another common form of unpublished reference is a “private communication”. If you’ve spoken to an expert in the field, in person or otherwise, and received insights that have not yet been published, you may cite them as follows:

(Our example continues to use the term “author” out of convenience, even if the reference in question is not written down.)

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Thesis and Dissertations

Thesis or Dissertations (Print)

Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of thesis," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication.

Masters Thesis

Ph.D  Dissertation

Online Thesis or Dissertation with DOI

Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of ," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication. doi:xxxxxxxxxx

Online Thesis or Dissertation with a URL

Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of ," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication. Available: site/path/file

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Standard format for citation

Unpublished:

From a full text database:

Thesis in print: Unpublished

[1] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.

[2] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve the routing problem in communication networks," Ph.D. dissertation, Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.

Thesis in print: Published

[3] M. Lehmann, Data Access in Workflow Management Systems . Berlin: Aka, 2006.

Thesis from a full text database

[4] F. Sudweeks, Development and Leadership in Computer-Mediated Collaborative Groups . PhD [Dissertation].   Murdoch, WA: Murdoch Univ., 2007. [Online]. Available: Australasian Digital Theses Program.

See the  All Examples  page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as articles, books, and web pages.

Reference list entries.

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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in IEEE Style?

Create a spot-on reference in ieee, general rules.

In accordance with the requirements of IEEE Style, the following template should be used for referencing a PhD dissertation or a master’s thesis:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year .

• Put the type of the cited work (e.g. Ph.D. dissertation, M.S. thesis , etc.) in the Work type element.
• Give the Faculty/Department and University elements in the abbreviated form.
• Often, a thesis might lack the information about the department/faculty. Should this be the case, omit the respective element from the reference.
• See more about the Country element here .

For the rules of giving authors’ names in IEEE Style, see this article .

For a dissertation published online, add the Internet source details to the reference:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year . Accessed:  date . [Online]. Available:  URL

Examples of references

B.   H.   Reed, “The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster ,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., 1992.

M.   A.   M.   EI-Bayoumi, “Wheel speed distribution control and its effect on vehicle,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, U.K. 2007. Accessed: Feb.   21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/641/

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
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• Religious text
• Social media post
• Software / mobile app
• Video (online)
• Video game / computer game
• What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
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• What is Chicago Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
• Online video
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• Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
• What is Vancouver Style?
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