essay text structures

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What is Text Structure — Definition, Examples & Types Explained

• What is Syntax
• What is Passive Voice
• What is Active Voice
• Active vs. Passive Voice
• What is Text Structure
• What is Sentence Structure
• Simple Sentence Structure
• Compound Sentence Structure
• Compound-Complex Sentence Structure
• Complex Sentence Structure

L anguage is the basis of communication. Within communication, specifically written language, writers may have different purposes with their work.  As a reader, it’s beneficial to understand a writer’s goal, and as a writer, it’s important to understand how to use language to work for your own goal. Therefore, understanding text structure is vital for both readers and writers. What is text structure, and why are the types of structures that exist? Let’s dive into it.

What is Text Structure in Writing?

First, let’s define text structure.

There are five primary text structures that exist. Before diving into them, let’s take a look at the general text structure definition.

TEXT STRUCTURE DEFINITION

What is text structure in literature.

Text structure is the way in which a writer organizes language and information within text to serve a specific purpose. Depending on the goal of the writer, text can be structured in various ways to best communicate information to a reader clearly and effectively. The structure of a text’s beginning, middle, and end is directly influenced by the intention and purpose of the writer.  

Types of Text Structure:

Description, cause and effect, compare and contrast, problem and solution, what are all the text structures , types of text structure.

As we mentioned in the text structure definition there are various purposes writers have when writing. Text structure depends entirely on the purpose of a writer. 

There are 5 types of text structure:

• Description 
• Cause and Effect 
• Compare and Contrast
• Problem and Solution

Let’s take a deep dive into a list of text structures and analyze text structure examples of each. 

Description Text Structure Meaning

Description is a text structure that is designed to create a vivid, detailed description of something. This is achieved by using descriptive language to describe traits, features, and characteristics of the subject. Here's an example:

“Two distinct desert ecosystems, the Mojave and the Colorado, come together in Joshua Tree National Park. A fascinating variety of plants and animals make their homes in a land sculpted by strong winds and occasional torrents of rain. Dark night skies, a rich cultural history, and surreal geologic features add to the wonder of this vast wilderness in southern California”

- National Parks Service

What Does Text Structure Mean

There are two ways that sequence text structure can be used: to communicate a chronological sequence of events or steps in a procedure. 

Sequence text structure for the purpose of chronological events is a common structure used in historical literature or non-fictional literature. Sequence structure for procedural information is common in educational literature from cooking instructions to scientific methods. 

Example 1 : “ World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918.” - World War I (history.com)

Example 2: “ Pulse flour, sugar, and salt in a food processor to combine. Add butter and process until the largest pieces of butter are pea-size. Transfer to a large bowl.” BA’s Best Apple Pie ( bonappetit.com )

TEXT STRUCTURE MEANING

Cause and effect text structure is primarily used to communicate the causal relationship between an event, action, or idea and what follows. The text is designed to make the causality and correlation between the two clear to the reader. This is also a common structure in both educational and historical literature. For example:

“After inflating, the universe slowed down its expansion rate but continued to grow, as it does still. It also cooled significantly, allowing for the formation of matter — first neutrinos, electrons, quarks, and photons, followed by protons and neutrons.” - How Did the Big Bang Happen? ( astronomy.com )

Text Structure Meaning

Oftentimes, writers need to analyze the similarities and differences between two subjects. A compare and contrast text structure allows them to do just that. These comparisons are typically between people, places, events, ideas, or concepts. 

“Beethoven has a much more fiery personality. Whereas Mozart’s music is clean and precise, Beethoven employs many surprises in his music. Many times he will build up the music as if it’s leading to something only to suddenly get soft – his trademark use of subito piano.”

— Mozart vs. Beethoven ( livingpianos.com )

What is Text Structure Used For?

Lastly, the problem and solution text structure is designed to present a problem and transition into a proposed solution for said problem. The structure is designed to both create reasonable cases for why the problem exists and/or is important and why the proposed solution can be effective.

This text design is common in political literature and speech as well as business and technology. Here's an example:

“Transportation is the second leading source of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. (burning a single gallon of gasoline produces 20 pounds of CO2). But it doesn't have to be that way. One way to dramatically curtail transportation fuel needs is to move closer to work, use mass transit, or switch to walking, cycling or some other mode of transport that does not require anything other than human energy. There is also the option of working from home and telecommuting several days a week.” — 10 Solutions for Climate Change (scientificamerican.com)

Text structure is valuable for both readers and writers to understand. It allows readers to know the intention of the writer they are reading from the beginning of a text. Writers can utilize structure to support the purpose of their work. Hopefully this article has given you insight on the value of text structure and how it can be used. 

Related Posts

• What is Syntax →
• Active vs Passive Voice →
• What is Sentence Structure →

What are Literary Devices?

Text structure is a great way to design your writing with a purpose in mind. Literary devices are also valuable tools that help writers achieve the goal of their work. In the next article, we break down a full tool kit of literary devices that you have at your disposal as a writer. 

Up Next: Literary Devices →

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Structuring essays

On this page:

Once you've understood the assignment and prepared your argument, you need to decide how you're going to present your essay in a logical structure.

Use our quick guide to planning out an essay to help you decide where and what to include in you introduction, conclusion, and main body of your text.

Introduction

The introduction of your essay serves as a road map establishing the scope of the discussion and presenting the central argument that will be developed throughout the essay. This is a space to make a positive first impression of your argument, your writing style, and the overall quality of your work. It will provide a solid ground for your assignment - providing you do everything you say you will .

Plan of Action

Your introduction should outline how the main body of your writing will proceed. It will give the reader a general idea of the theme of your work, why you think it is important, and where you plan to detail all of your arguments and ideas. By the end of the introduction you should have formed an outline for a coherent structure that your reader can follow.

Definition of Terms

Use the introduction to define specific terms related to the essay question to demonstrate engagement and clarity. For example:

This essay will explore the concept of 'social media' as platforms that facilitate online interactions among users.

Breadth of Discussion

Show the range of viewpoints relevant to the essay question. For instance:

Social media's impact on mental health outcomes is multifaceted, encompassing economic, social, and psychological perspectives. This essay will focus on the social and psychological aspects, particularly examining...

The main body of the essay elaborates on the points introduced in the introduction and develops arguments supported by evidence. It should me structured in paragraphs, and each paragraph should follow a logical sequence that build up to your conclusion.

Self-contained Paragraphs

Each paragraph should focus on a specific point related to the main argument. Start with a clear topic sentence that relates directly to the thesis statement.

• Unified:  All the sentences in a single paragraph should be related to a single idea (often expressed in the topic sentence of the paragraph).
• Clearly related to the thesis or question being asked:  The sentences should all refer to the central idea, question or thesis, of the paper.
• Coherent:  The sentences should be arranged logically and should follow a definite plan for development.
• Well-developed:  Every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidence and details that work together to explain the paragraph's central theme.

Provide Evidence

Support your arguments with evidence such as data, examples, or scholarly sources. For example:

Studies have shown a correlation between excessive social media use and increased feelings of anxiety and depression (Smith, 2020).

Relate Back to the Thesis

Ensure that each paragraph explicitly connects back to the central argument or the essay question. This helps maintain a clear and focused argument.

It is helpful to check your essay plan, your introduction and the conclusion as you go along to make sure everything adds up.

The conclusion brings together the key points of the essay and restates the central argument in light of the evidence provided in the main body. This is your opportunity to  synthesise  your ideas into a coherent conclusion,  summarise  what you have written, and  reiterate the thesis statement from your introduction.

Bring all your ideas together and address the question one final time in one concise paragraph. Here you will abridge what you have accomplished, (dis)proven, or demonstrated within your main body. It is your final chance to ensure that the reader has been provided evidence to establish the main point of the writing. It is also your final chance to explicitly illustrate how you have met the assignment brief.

Briefly summarise the main points discussed in the essay. Avoid introducing new information, but make sure to reference 

Restate the thesis statement, emphasising its significance in light of the evidence presented in the main body. This will help you make sure you have kept on-topic and achieved your aim. For example:

In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that social media can have significant impacts on mental health outcomes, particularly in relation to...

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13 Types of Text Structure: Definition and Examples for Each

Types of Text Structure

Understanding text structure is essential for effective communication. Text structure refers to how written content is organized, providing a framework for comprehending information.

It serves the purpose of guiding readers or listeners through the text, making it easier to follow, understand, and retain the content. 

The choice of text structure significantly influences communication, shaping how information is presented, emphasizing key points, and connecting ideas.

Different text structures suit various types of content, ranging from narratives to informational texts.

Let’s delve into 13 distinct text structures, offering definitions and examples to enhance your grasp of this vital aspect of written and spoken communication.

13 Types of Text Structure

1. Narrative Text Structure

Narrative text structure is a storytelling method that weaves a sequence of events into a coherent narrative, engaging readers with compelling stories.

Characteristics of narrative texts include a plot that unfolds with a beginning, middle, and end, a focus on characters and their development, and the use of descriptive language to create vivid imagery.

Critical elements of a narrative typically involve setting, characters, conflict, climax, and resolution.

Examples of narrative texts encompass a wide range, from novels and short stories to personal anecdotes, myths, and folktales.

2. Descriptive Text Structure

Descriptive text structure is a writing style that paints a vivid picture in the reader’s mind by providing rich sensory details.

Characterized by its emphasis on creating a sensory experience, descriptive texts use imagery, adjectives, and figurative language to engage the reader’s senses.

These texts often describe people, places, objects, or experiences in intricate detail, fostering a deeper connection between the reader and the subject matter.

Sample descriptive texts range from travelogues and nature essays to product reviews and poetic descriptions.

Through its immersive qualities, the descriptive text structure allows readers to visualize, hear, smell, taste, and touch the content, enhancing their understanding and emotional engagement.

3. Expository Text Structure

Expository text structure is a mode of writing that aims to explain and inform, emphasizing clarity and objectivity.

Key characteristics of expository texts include a focus on facts, evidence, and logical organization.

There are various expository texts, such as cause and effect, compare and contrast, problem-solution, and more, each tailored to a specific purpose in conveying information.

One should start with a clear thesis statement, provide supporting evidence or examples, and maintain a logical flow of ideas to write an expository text effectively.

Expository texts are commonly found in textbooks, news articles, research papers, and instructional manuals, serving as valuable tools for delivering information and enhancing understanding.

4. Persuasive Text Structure

Persuasive text structure is a powerful form of writing that seeks to influence and sway the opinions, beliefs, or actions of the audience.

Characteristics of persuasive texts include a clear, compelling argument or stance, a focus on convincing language, and a call to action.

Various techniques and strategies are employed, including emotional appeals, statistics, expert testimonials, and rhetorical devices, to achieve persuasion. 

Analyzing persuasive texts involves evaluating the strength of the argument, the credibility of the sources, and the effectiveness of persuasive techniques in achieving the desired outcome.

Persuasive texts are frequently found in advertisements, editorials, political speeches, and debates, designed to inspire change or reinforce specific viewpoints.

5. Chronological Text Structure

Chronological text structure is a method of organizing information in a sequence based on time, allowing readers to follow events in a clear and logical order.

Characteristics of chronological texts include:

• A timeline of events.
• A focus on cause-and-effect relationships.
• The presentation of historical or step-by-step information.

To enhance this structure, time-order words like “first,” “next,” “then,” and “finally” are employed to signal transitions between events.

Real-life examples of chronological texts include historical accounts, biographies, recipe instructions, and travel itineraries.

6. Sequential Text Structure

Sequential text structure is a format of writing that details a series of steps or actions in a logical order, guiding readers through a process or procedure.

Critical characteristics of sequential texts include:

• A clear, step-by-step presentation.
• The use of imperative verbs.
• An emphasis on clarity and precision.

These texts often break down complex tasks into manageable, understandable parts. Examples of sequential text include instructional manuals, recipes, DIY guides, and technical procedures.

7. Problem-Solution Text Structure

The problem-solution text structure is a compelling writing style that focuses on addressing issues and providing practical solutions.

Characteristics of problem-solution texts include the identification of an apparent problem or challenge, followed by a well-reasoned proposal for resolving it.

These texts often emphasize the importance of the problem and the viability of the suggested solution.

Real-life case studies of problem-solution texts can be found in environmental policies, public health initiatives, and business proposals.

8. Compare and Contrast Text Structure

Compare and contrast text structure is a form of writing that highlights the similarities and differences between two or more subjects, ideas, or concepts.

Characteristics of compare and contrast texts include the presentation of both commonalities and distinctions, often through the use of comparative language like “similarly,” “on the other hand,” and “in contrast.”

To effectively employ this structure, one must carefully analyze the subjects, drawing out their key features and distinctions.

Compare and contrast essays typically follow a clear structure, introducing the subjects, providing comparative details, and drawing conclusions based on the analysis.

Mostly, this text structure enhances critical thinking and aids in a deeper understanding of the subjects under consideration.

9. Cause and Effect Text Structure

Cause and effect text structure is a method of writing that explores the relationships between events, identifying the reasons behind specific outcomes or consequences.

Characteristics of cause and effect texts include a focus on causal connections, the use of terms like “because,” “as a result,” and “due to,” and an emphasis on understanding the impact of actions or events.

To effectively employ this structure, writers must analyze the causes and their corresponding effects in a logical sequence.

Cause and effect diagrams, such as fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams, represent these relationships visually.

Finally, this text structure helps readers comprehend the underlying factors that drive various outcomes and consequences.

10. Spatial Text Structure

Spatial text structure is a form of writing that focuses on the arrangement and organization of physical space.

Features of spatial texts include using descriptive language to paint a clear picture of the environment, whether geographical or architectural.

Spatial organization in writing often follows a logical pattern, guiding the reader through a space from one point to another, allowing them to visualize and understand the layout and details.

Geographical descriptions offer insights into landscapes, regions, or places, while architectural descriptions delve into the design and layout of structures and spaces.

Remember, this text structure is crucial for conveying a sense of place and facilitating comprehension of the physical world.

11. Definition Text Structure

Definition text structure is a mode of writing that aims to provide clear and concise explanations of concepts, terms, or ideas.

The definition texts include a focus on precision and clarity, typically using formal language to eliminate ambiguity.

Writers strive to convey the essence and meaning of a subject straightforwardly. These texts often employ concise yet comprehensive descriptions to ensure readers grasp the intended meaning.

Glossaries and dictionaries are valuable resources that exemplify this structure, offering definitions to facilitate understanding of unfamiliar words or concepts.

Definition text structure aids in building strong foundational knowledge and promoting effective communication by eliminating confusion and ambiguity.

12. Classification Text Structure

Classification text structure involves categorizing information into distinct groups or classes based on shared characteristics. Characteristics of classification texts include:

• The systematic organization of data.
• The identification of criteria for grouping.
• The presentation of clear categories.

In this structure, information is often grouped according to common traits or features, allowing for better understanding and analysis.

Taxonomies and classifications are typical examples of this text structure, often used in biology, library science, and marketing to create order from complexity.

Classification text structure aids in simplifying complex information, making it more manageable and accessible for readers, researchers, and professionals in various domains.

13. Mixed Text Structure

Mixed text structure, or hybrid text structure, involves using multiple text structures within a single piece of writing.

Writers use narrative, expository, descriptive, and other structural elements to convey their message effectively. This approach allows for a more versatile and engaging way of presenting information, accommodating various purposes and audiences.

After incorporating different text structures, writers can tell stories, provide explanations, create vivid descriptions, and make persuasive arguments, all within a single composition.

Mixed text structure offers flexibility and creativity in delivering content and is often used to capture readers’ interest and maintain engagement.

In the realm of written communication, understanding text structure is paramount. We’ve explored 13 distinct text structures, each with a unique purpose and characteristics.

From the captivating narratives that tell stories to the informative, expository texts that elucidate and the persuasive compositions designed to sway opinions, these structures provide the framework for effective communication.

Descriptive and chronological texts allow us to visualize and follow sequences, while problem-solution texts tackle real-world challenges.

Compare and contrast texts help us grasp differences and similarities, and cause-and-effect texts unravel the intricate web of causality.

Josh Jasen or JJ as we fondly call him, is a senior academic editor at Grade Bees in charge of the writing department. When not managing complex essays and academic writing tasks, Josh is busy advising students on how to pass assignments. In his spare time, he loves playing football or walking with his dog around the park.

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Structure of the whole text

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Academic texts, such as essays, can be structured in different ways, but a standard format for analytical and argumentative essays is the so-called three-part essay , which consists of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The introduction and conclusion sections serve to frame the body of the essay, which can consist of multiple sections.

In the introduction, the reader is introduced to the topic that will be discussed and to the argument that will be presented. The body is the   main part of the text, where the discussion/analysis is carried out and the results are presented. In the last part of the essay, the conclusion, the argument is summed up and conclusions are drawn.

Read more about the three-part essay format here:

A more formalised text format is the IMRaD structure (Introduction - Method - Results - and Discussion), where the body part of the text consists of two sections referred to as Method and Results. The concluding part of research articles written according to the IMRaD format is called Discussion, and has a slightly different set-up from the Conclusion of the three-part essay. For more information on the IMRaD structure, see

Module 3: Writing Process

Text: text structures.

A text structure is the framework of a text’s beginning, middle, and end. Different narrative and expository genres have different purposes and different audiences, and so they require different text structures. Beginnings and endings help link the text into a coherent whole.

BEGINNINGS: HOOKING YOUR READER

WHAT’S IN THE MIDDLE?

The organization of the middle of a piece of writing depends on the genre. Researchers have identified five basic organizational structures: sequence ,  description , cause and effect , compare and contrast , and problem and solution .

Sequence uses time, numerical, or spatial order as the organizing structure. Some narrative genres that use a chronological sequence structure are personal narrative genres (memoir, autobiographical incident, autobiography), imaginative story genres (fairytales, folktales, fantasy, science fiction), and realistic fiction genres. Narrative story structures include an initiating event, complicating actions that build to a high point, and a resolution. Many narratives also include the protagonist’s goals and obstacles that must be overcome to achieve those goals.

Description is used to describe the characteristic features and events of a specific subject (”My Cat”) or a general category (”Cats”). Descriptive reports may be arranged according to categories of related attributes, moving from general categories of features to specific attributes.

Cause and Effect structure is used to show causal relationships between events. Essays demonstrate cause and effect by giving reasons to support relationships, using the word “because.” Signal words for cause and effect structures also include if/then statements, “as a result,” and “therefore.”

Comparison and Contrast structure is used to explain how two or more objects, events, or positions in an argument are similar or different. Graphic organizers such as venn diagrams, compare/contrast organizers, and tables can be used to compare features across different categories. Words used to signal comparison and contrast organizational structures include “same,” “alike,” “in contrast,” “similarities,” “differences,” and “on the other hand.”

Problem and Solution requires writers to state a problem and come up with a solution. Although problem/solution structures are typically found in informational writing, realistic fiction also often uses a problem/solution structure.

ENDINGS: BEYOND “HAPPILY EVER AFTER”

Anyone who has watched a great movie for ninety minutes only to have it limp to the finish with weak ending knows that strong endings are just as critical to effective writing as strong beginnings. And anyone who has watched the director’s cut of a movie with all the alternate endings knows that even great directors have trouble coming up with satisfying endings for their movies. Just like directors, writers have to decide how to wrap up the action in their stories, resolving the conflict and tying up loose ends in a way that will leave their audience satisfied. 

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A clear, arguable thesis will tell your readers where you are going to end up, but it can also help you figure out how to get them there. Put your thesis at the top of a blank page and then make a list of the points you will need to make to argue that thesis effectively.

For example, consider this example from the thesis handout : While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake”(54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well”(51) is less convincing.

To argue this thesis, the author needs to do the following:

• Show what is persuasive about Sandel’s claims about the problems with striving for perfection.
• Show what is not convincing about Sandel’s claim that we can clearly distinguish between medically necessary enhancements and other enhancements.

Once you have broken down your thesis into main claims, you can then think about what sub-claims you will need to make in order to support each of those main claims. That step might look like this:

• Evidence that Sandel provides to support this claim
• Discussion of why this evidence is convincing even in light of potential counterarguments
• Discussion of cases when medically necessary enhancement and non-medical enhancement cannot be easily distinguished
• Analysis of what those cases mean for Sandel’s argument
• Consideration of counterarguments (what Sandel might say in response to this section of your argument)

Each argument you will make in an essay will be different, but this strategy will often be a useful first step in figuring out the path of your argument.  

Strategy #2: Use subheadings, even if you remove them later  

Scientific papers generally include standard subheadings to delineate different sections of the paper, including “introduction,” “methods,” and “discussion.” Even when you are not required to use subheadings, it can be helpful to put them into an early draft to help you see what you’ve written and to begin to think about how your ideas fit together. You can do this by typing subheadings above the sections of your draft.

If you’re having trouble figuring out how your ideas fit together, try beginning with informal subheadings like these:

• Introduction  
• Explain the author’s main point  
• Show why this main point doesn’t hold up when we consider this other example  
• Explain the implications of what I’ve shown for our understanding of the author  
• Show how that changes our understanding of the topic

For longer papers, you may decide to include subheadings to guide your reader through your argument. In those cases, you would need to revise your informal subheadings to be more useful for your readers. For example, if you have initially written in something like “explain the author’s main point,” your final subheading might be something like “Sandel’s main argument” or “Sandel’s opposition to genetic enhancement.” In other cases, once you have the key pieces of your argument in place, you will be able to remove the subheadings.  

Strategy #3: Create a reverse outline from your draft  

While you may have learned to outline a paper before writing a draft, this step is often difficult because our ideas develop as we write. In some cases, it can be more helpful to write a draft in which you get all of your ideas out and then do a “reverse outline” of what you’ve already written. This doesn’t have to be formal; you can just make a list of the point in each paragraph of your draft and then ask these questions:

• Are those points in an order that makes sense to you?  
• Are there gaps in your argument?  
• Do the topic sentences of the paragraphs clearly state these main points?  
• Do you have more than one paragraph that focuses on the same point? If so, do you need both paragraphs?  
• Do you have some paragraphs that include too many points? If so, would it make more sense to split them up?  
• Do you make points near the end of the draft that would be more effective earlier in your paper?  
• Are there points missing from this draft?  
• picture_as_pdf Tips for Organizing Your Essay

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• Academic Paragraph Structure | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

Academic Paragraph Structure | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

Published on October 25, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on March 27, 2023.

Every piece of academic writing is structured by paragraphs and headings . The number, length and order of your paragraphs will depend on what you’re writing—but each paragraph must be:

• Unified : all the sentences relate to one central point or idea.
• Coherent : the sentences are logically organized and clearly connected.
• Relevant : the paragraph supports the overall theme and purpose of the paper.

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Table of contents

Step 1: identify the paragraph’s purpose, step 2: show why the paragraph is relevant, step 3: give evidence, step 4: explain or interpret the evidence, step 5: conclude the paragraph, step 6: read through the whole paragraph, when to start a new paragraph.

First, you need to know the central idea that will organize this paragraph. If you have already made a plan or outline of your paper’s overall structure , you should already have a good idea of what each paragraph will aim to do.

You can start by drafting a sentence that sums up your main point and introduces the paragraph’s focus. This is often called a topic sentence . It should be specific enough to cover in a single paragraph, but general enough that you can develop it over several more sentences.

Although the Braille system gained immediate popularity with the blind students at the Institute in Paris, it had to gain acceptance among the sighted before its adoption throughout France.

This topic sentence:

• Transitions from the previous paragraph (which discussed the invention of Braille).
• Clearly identifies this paragraph’s focus (the acceptance of Braille by sighted people).
• Relates to the paper’s overall thesis.
• Leaves space for evidence and analysis.

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The topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph is about—but why does this point matter for your overall argument? If this isn’t already clear from your first sentence, you can explain and expand on its meaning.

This support was necessary because sighted teachers and leaders had ultimate control over the propagation of Braille resources.

• This sentence expands on the topic and shows how it fits into the broader argument about the social acceptance of Braille.

Now you can support your point with evidence and examples. “Evidence” here doesn’t just mean empirical facts—the form it takes will depend on your discipline, topic and approach. Common types of evidence used in academic writing include:

• Quotations from literary texts , interviews , and other primary sources .
• Summaries , paraphrases , or quotations of secondary sources that provide information or interpretation in support of your point.
• Qualitative or quantitative data that you have gathered or found in existing research.
• Descriptive examples of artistic or musical works, events, or first-hand experiences.

Make sure to properly cite your sources .

Many of the teachers at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth resisted Braille’s system because they found the tactile method of reading difficult to learn (Bullock & Galst, 2009).

• This sentence cites specific evidence from a secondary source , demonstrating sighted people’s reluctance to accept Braille.

Now you have to show the reader how this evidence adds to your point. How you do so will depend on what type of evidence you have used.

• If you quoted a passage, give your interpretation of the quotation.
• If you cited a statistic, tell the reader what it implies for your argument.
• If you referred to information from a secondary source, show how it develops the idea of the paragraph.

This resistance was symptomatic of the prevalent attitude that the blind population had to adapt to the sighted world rather than develop their own tools and methods.

• This sentence adds detail and interpretation to the evidence, arguing that this specific fact reveals something more general about social attitudes at the time.

Steps 3 and 4 can be repeated several times until your point is fully developed. Use transition words and phrases to show the connections between different sentences in the paragraph.

Over time, however, with the increasing impetus to make social contribution possible for all, teachers began to appreciate the usefulness of Braille’s system (Bullock & Galst, 2009). Access to reading could help improve the productivity and integration of people with vision loss.

• The evidence tells us about the changing attitude to Braille among the sighted.
• The interpretation argues for why this change occurred as part of broader social shifts.

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Finally, wrap up the paragraph by returning to your main point and showing the overall consequences of the evidence you have explored.

This particular paragraph takes the form of a historical story—giving evidence and analysis of each step towards Braille’s widespread acceptance.

It took approximately 30 years, but the French government eventually approved the Braille system, and it was established throughout the country (Bullock & Galst, 2009).

•  The final sentence ends the story with the consequences of these events.

When you think you’ve fully developed your point, read through the final result to make sure each sentence follows smoothly and logically from the last and adds up to a coherent whole.

Although the Braille system gained immediate popularity with the blind students at the Institute in Paris, it had to gain acceptance among the sighted before its adoption throughout France. This support was necessary because sighted teachers and leaders had ultimate control over the propagation of Braille resources. Many of the teachers at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth resisted learning Braille’s system because they found the tactile method of reading difficult to learn (Bullock & Galst, 2009). This resistance was symptomatic of the prevalent attitude that the blind population had to adapt to the sighted world rather than develop their own tools and methods. Over time, however, with the increasing impetus to make social contribution possible for all, teachers began to appreciate the usefulness of Braille’s system (Bullock & Galst, 2009). Access to reading could help improve the productivity and integration of people with vision loss. It took approximately 30 years, but the French government eventually approved the Braille system, and it was established throughout the country (Bullock & Galst, 2009).

Not all paragraphs will look exactly like this. Depending on what your paper aims to do, you might:

• Bring together examples that seem very different from each other, but have one key point in common.
• Include just one key piece of evidence (such as a quotation or statistic) and analyze it in depth over several sentences.
• Break down a concept or category into various parts to help the reader understand it.

The introduction and conclusion paragraphs will also look different. The only universal rule is that your paragraphs must be unified , coherent and relevant . If you struggle with structuring your paragraphs, you could consider using a paper editing service for personal, in-depth feedback.

As soon as you address a new idea, argument or issue, you should start a new paragraph. To determine if your paragraph is complete, ask yourself:

• Do all your sentences relate to the topic sentence?
• Does each sentence make logical sense in relation to the one before it?
• Have you included enough evidence or examples to demonstrate your point?
• Is it clear what each piece of evidence means and why you have included it?
• Does all the evidence fit together and tell a coherent story?

Don’t think of paragraphs as isolated units—they are part of a larger argument that should flow organically from one point to the next. Before you start a new paragraph, consider how you will transition between ideas.

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McCombes, S. (2023, March 27). Academic Paragraph Structure | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/paragraph-structure/

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Understanding Text Structures: Exploring Examples and Strategies

Understanding text structures is vital to improving reading comprehension and writing abilities. Text structures refer to how a piece of writing is organized, helping the reader understand the flow of ideas, the connections between concepts, the main ideas, and the author’s purpose. Several common text structures are used in literature, nonfiction writing, and other types of writing. This blog post will provide examples of these and nonfiction text structures and discuss strategies for teaching students to identify and use them in reading and writing.

Descriptive Text Structure

Descriptive text structure is one of the most commonly used structures, especially in literature. In a descriptive text structure, the author uses vivid words and detailed descriptions to create a picture in the reader’s mind. For instance, a paragraph describing a person’s life, appearance, habits, or character traits would be an example of descriptive text structure. The paragraph or main idea is often stated in topic sentences, and the following sentences provide supporting details and main ideas.

Sequence/Chronological Order

Sequence or chronological order is a common text structure, particularly in historical texts or any writing detailing a sequence of events or a process. As the name suggests, information in this type of text is organized according to the order in which events happen. It could be a sequence of steps in a recipe or events in a person’s life. Signal words like “first,” “then,” “next,” “finally,” etc., help the reader identify this very effective text structure.

Compare and Contrast

The text structure is used when the author wants to highlight the similarities and differences between two or more things. It’s commonly seen in essays where two topics are being examined side by side. This structure encourages critical thinking as it requires the reader to understand the unique characteristics of each item and how they relate to each other. Words and phrases like “similar,” compare, contrast, “in contrast,” “both,” and “on the other hand” signal the main idea behind this structure.

Problem and Solution

In the problem and problem solution text structure, the author presents a problem and then provides one or more possible solutions. The text structure is often used in persuasive writing or nonfiction passages addressing real-world issues. The main idea usually centers on the one problem solution, and the supporting details discuss potential solutions and their implications.

Cause and Effect

Cause and effect text structure explore why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). This text’s structure is commonly found in scientific and historical texts. The author’s purpose might present an event (cause) and discuss its impacts (effect). Signal words for this structure include “because,” “as a result,” “therefore,” and “thus.” These example paragraphs are only a few examples of text structures. Recognizing these structures when students read, and using them when they write, can significantly improve their understanding and communication of ideas. The following section explores teaching strategies to help students master these text structures.

Strategies for Teaching Text Structures

Explicit instruction and graphic organizers.

One effective strategy for teaching text structure is through explicit instruction. This involves:

• Clearly explaining the various structures.
• Pointing out signal words and phrases.
• Providing text structure examples for students to examine.

Nonfiction passages can be especially useful, as they often have clear structures that students can identify and discuss.

The Power Of Visuals

To help students visualize the organization of each structure, using graphic organizers can be extremely beneficial in your writing process. For instance, a sequence structure might be represented with a timeline. In contrast, a compare-and-contrast structure could use a graphic organizer or a Venn diagram. For the problem and solution structure, a graphic organizer or a flowchart can help map out the main problem, possible solutions, and their outcomes. Graphic organizers not only assist in understanding text structures but also help students organize their writing.

Practice with Varied Texts

To have students learn and reinforce the concepts:

• Provide students with various texts to practice identifying text structures.
• Use a mix of literature, nonfiction passages, essays, and other written materials, so students can see the different types of text structures in various contexts.
• Encourage students to explain why they think a text is written in a particular structure.

This helps them articulate their understanding and apply it in real-world contexts.

Writing Practice

Give students opportunities to write using different text structures. They could write a short descriptive text about their favorite place, compare two topics they’re interested in, or write an essay explaining a problem in their community and suggesting possible solutions. Writing practice five text structures helps students understand the various structures from the author’s perspective, enhancing their ability to read and comprehend texts written in those structures.

Review and Assessment

Using and familiarizing descriptive texts.

Consistent review and assessment of descriptive texts are essential for students to master text structures. This could be through reading worksheets focusing on identifying text structures, short answer tests, or essay writing assignments where students must use a specific text structure often. Feedback on these assessments can guide further teaching and learning. Understanding and effectively using text structures to describe or create them is a fundamental literacy skill. As students learn to identify text structures in what they read and apply them in their own writing, they build a strong foundation for advanced reading comprehension and effective communication.

Hands-On Examples and Activities

Nonfiction passages and the use of graphic organizers.

Nonfiction passages are ideal for teaching students about various text structures as they explain why they commonly use them. Assign passages that clearly explain and exemplify specific text structures. After a close reading of these passages, students can fill in a graphic organizer corresponding to the text structure used in the passage. This hands-on activity solidifies the students’ understanding of text structures and enhances their reading comprehension skills.

Use of Literature and Other Text Types

Students can also learn text structures from literature. Although some text structures like problem and solution or cause and effect are more common in nonfiction, other text structures, like sequence and description, are widely used in literature. Students can identify how authors use these structures to weave narratives and engage readers by teaching text structures by reading short stories and novels. Other text types, like advertisements, opinion pieces, and biographies, can also provide diverse text structure examples.

Encouraging Students to Write Using Different Text Structures

Providing students with opportunities to use various text structures in their own writing will enhance their understanding and mastery of these structures. Assign writing tasks that require the use of a specific text structure. For instance, students could write a biography or history of a famous person’s life using chronological order or an essay comparing and contrasting two historical events. Teachers can use these techniques to help students grasp the idea of different types and elements of text structures, improving their reading comprehension and writing skills.

Understanding common text structures is crucial for students, enhancing their reading comprehension and nonfiction writing capabilities. Educators can significantly support and boost students’ literacy skills by teaching students to identify common text structures, use graphic organizers for visualization, and apply these structures in their own writing.

What is an example of text structure?

The “compare, describe, and contrast” is an example of a text structure. In paragraphs using this, an author discusses the similarities and differences between two or more things. For instance, an essay comparing two novels, discussing their similar themes but contrasting writing styles, would use this structure.

What are the 5 structures of text?

The five main text structures are:

• Description: The author provides detailed information about a topic.
• Sequence/Chronological Order: The author lists items or events numerically or chronologically.
• Compare and Contrast: The author discusses similarities and differences between two or more things.
• Cause and Effect: The author presents reasons (or causes) for something and the results (or effects).
• Problem and Solution: The author offers a problem and potential solutions.

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Common Core State Standards Related to Text Structure

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.5 – Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.

ELA Standards: Informational Texts

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.4.5 – Describe the overall structure (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text or part of a text. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.5.5 – Compare and contrast the overall structure (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of events, ideas, concepts, or information in two or more texts. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.6.5 – Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the ideas. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.7.5 – Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to the development of the ideas. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.8.5 – Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in developing and refining a key concept. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.11-12.5 – Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument, including whether the structure makes points clear, convincing, and engaging.

146 Comments

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very interesting and helpful. My students will appreciate this notes and the activities. Sometimes we just focus to teach them grammar and structures or to speak but we leave aside the aspects of puntuation which is very important.

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This is very useful. Thank you. In your experience, what age should students be expected to study Text Structure?

In my experience, students begin learning text structure around kindergarten with concepts like “problem and solution” in relation to stories. Text structure is a skill that follows students from the lowest to the highest levels. Eventually, we hope that they can apply text structures to their own writings.

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Moises Souza

Hi there, That’s a great website and superb job! Thanks a lot for providing all this.

I just would like to confirm the answers of the quiz about text structure. Some answers don’t really match. Am I doing something wrong?

Why question 6 is chronological? it seems clearly a case of cause/effect.

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Thank you for reporting this error. The key has been updated.

skyler davis

Germaine aggingiton.

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Kritarsh Kumar Negi XVIII

The dodo bird never roamed in america, I think you might be referring to the passenger pigeon

You are right. Thank you.

the dodo bird lived in the madagascar and near the indian ocean NOT IN AMERICA

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Reading and Writing Strategies

Text Structure

Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. This strategy helps students understand that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then its effects; and/or different views of a topic. Teaching students to recognize common text structures can help students monitor their comprehension . 

Teachers can use this strategy with the whole class, small groups, or individually. Students learn to identify and analyze text structures which helps students navigate the various structures presented within nonfiction and fiction text. As a follow up, having students write paragraphs that follow common text structures helps students recognize these text structures when they are reading.

Create and Use the Strategy

To create the text structure strategy teachers should:.

• Choose the assigned reading and introduce the text to the students. 
• Introduce the idea that texts have organizational patters called text structures.
• Introduce the following common text structures (see the chart below for more detailed information):
• description 
• problem and solution 
• cause and effect
• compare and contrast

4.  Introduce and model using a graphic organizer to chart the text structure. 

To use the text structure strategy teachers should:

• Show examples of paragraphs that correspond to each text structure.
• Examine topic sentences that clue the reader to a specific structure. 
• Model the writing of a paragraph that uses a specific text structure.
• Have students try write paragraphs that follow a specific text structure. 
• Have students diagram these structures using a graphic organizer. 

Dickson, S. V., Simmons, D. C., & Kameenui, E. J. (1995).  Text organization and its relation to reading comprehension: A synthesis of research.  Eugene, OR: National Center to Improve the Tools of Educators. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from  https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED386864

Dymock, S. (2005). Teaching Expository Text Structure Awareness.  The Reading Teacher, 59 (2), 177-181. 

Simonsen, S. (1996). Identifying and Teaching Text Structures in Content Area Classrooms. In D. Lapp, J. Flood, & N. Farnan (Eds.),  Content Area reading and Learning: Instructional Strategies  (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

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