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Experimental Condition
Experimental condition definition.
In setting up the context, the experimenter must hold as many conditions constant as possible in the situation, while manipulating a variable(s). The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called the independent variable (IV); it is free (independent) to be varied by the experimenter. What is being measured is called the dependent variable (DV); it “depends” on the manipulation of the independent variable. Holding conditions constant means making sure that no relevant variable in the experiment is varied besides the IV. The experimental condition is the one in which the IV is presented. The results from this condition can then be contrasted with the results from the control condition, where the IV was not presented. The idea of controlled contrasts is central to experimental design.
Types of Experimental Designs
There are many types of experimental designs. Experimenters may design studies that have one or several independent variables. Similarly, they may have one or several dependent variables. Other variations in experimental design include whether or not the participants are exposed to all manipulations of the IV. If they are, then it is called a within-subjects design. If they only are exposed to one manipulation of the IV, it is called a between-subjects design. The design of the experiment also includes the order of events and how participants are assigned to conditions. Designing an experiment involves a series of decisions and justifications about all of these issues.
An Example of Experimental Condition
A researcher is interested in whether stress causes a decrease in cognitive performance. First, the experimenter must decide what the manipulation will be. The researcher could decide that the IV would be the presentation of a loud tone. This researcher would need to justify (usually through a review of previous literature) that a loud tone is stressful (and he or she would have to specifically define what “loud” meant). Next, the researcher would need to determine what the DV would be, in other words, how would cognitive performance be measured? Percent correct on a math test, or time to complete a puzzle task, could each be a DV. By controlling the presentation of an IV in the experimental condition, the researcher can see its effect on cognitive performance by comparing the findings to those in the control condition. By exerting both types of control (manipulation of the IV, holding conditions constant), any differences in the DV (i.e., differences in scores/time between participants who heard different tones) can be attributed to the manipulation of the IV (the different tones).
References:
- MacLin, M. K., & Solso, R. L. (2007). Experimental psychology: A case approach (8th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Control Group vs Experimental Group
Julia Simkus
Editor at Simply Psychology
BA (Hons) Psychology, Princeton University
Julia Simkus is a graduate of Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology. She is currently studying for a Master's Degree in Counseling for Mental Health and Wellness in September 2023. Julia's research has been published in peer reviewed journals.
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Saul McLeod, PhD
Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester
Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc
Associate Editor for Simply Psychology
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education
Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.
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In a controlled experiment , scientists compare a control group, and an experimental group is identical in all respects except for one difference – experimental manipulation.
Differences
Unlike the experimental group, the control group is not exposed to the independent variable under investigation. So, it provides a baseline against which any changes in the experimental group can be compared.
Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance.
Almost all experimental studies are designed to include a control group and one or more experimental groups. In most cases, participants are randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group.
Because participants are randomly assigned to either group, we can assume that the groups are identical except for manipulating the independent variable in the experimental group.
It is important that every aspect of the experimental environment is the same and that the experimenters carry out the exact same procedures with both groups so researchers can confidently conclude that any differences between groups are actually due to the difference in treatments.
Control Group
A control group consists of participants who do not receive any experimental treatment. The control participants serve as a comparison group.
The control group is matched as closely as possible to the experimental group, including age, gender, social class, ethnicity, etc.
The difference between the control and experimental groups is that the control group is not exposed to the independent variable , which is thought to be the cause of the behavior being investigated.
Researchers will compare the individuals in the control group to those in the experimental group to isolate the independent variable and examine its impact.
The control group is important because it serves as a baseline, enabling researchers to see what impact changes to the independent variable produce and strengthening researchers’ ability to draw conclusions from a study.
Without the presence of a control group, a researcher cannot determine whether a particular treatment truly has an effect on an experimental group.
Control groups are critical to the scientific method as they help ensure the internal validity of a study.
Assume you want to test a new medication for ADHD . One group would receive the new medication, and the other group would receive a pill that looked exactly the same as the one that the others received, but it would be a placebo. The group that takes the placebo would be the control group.
Types of Control Groups
Positive control group.
- A positive control group is an experimental control that will produce a known response or the desired effect.
- A positive control is used to ensure a test’s success and confirm an experiment’s validity.
- For example, when testing for a new medication, an already commercially available medication could serve as the positive control.
Negative Control Group
- A negative control group is an experimental control that does not result in the desired outcome of the experiment.
- A negative control is used to ensure that there is no response to the treatment and help identify the influence of external factors on the test.
- An example of a negative control would be using a placebo when testing for a new medication.
Experimental Group
An experimental group consists of participants exposed to a particular manipulation of the independent variable. These are the participants who receive the treatment of interest.
Researchers will compare the responses of the experimental group to those of a control group to see if the independent variable impacted the participants.
An experiment must have at least one control group and one experimental group; however, a single experiment can include multiple experimental groups, which are all compared against the control group.
Having multiple experimental groups enables researchers to vary different levels of an experimental variable and compare the effects of these changes to the control group and among each other.
Assume you want to study to determine if listening to different types of music can help with focus while studying.
You randomly assign participants to one of three groups: one group that listens to music with lyrics, one group that listens to music without lyrics, and another group that listens to no music.
The group of participants listening to no music while studying is the control group, and the groups listening to music, whether with or without lyrics, are the two experimental groups.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. what is the difference between the control group and the experimental group in an experimental study.
Put simply; an experimental group is a group that receives the variable, or treatment, that the researchers are testing, whereas the control group does not. These two groups should be identical in all other aspects.
2. What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment
A control group is essential in experimental research because it:
Provides a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated variable (the independent variable) can be measured.
Helps to ensure that any changes observed in the experimental group are indeed due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not due to other extraneous or confounding factors.
Helps to account for the placebo effect, where participants’ beliefs about the treatment can influence their behavior or responses.
In essence, it increases the internal validity of the results and the confidence we can have in the conclusions.
3. Do experimental studies always need a control group?
Not all experiments require a control group, but a true “controlled experiment” does require at least one control group. For example, experiments that use a within-subjects design do not have a control group.
In within-subjects designs , all participants experience every condition and are tested before and after being exposed to treatment.
These experimental designs tend to have weaker internal validity as it is more difficult for a researcher to be confident that the outcome was caused by the experimental treatment and not by a confounding variable.
4. Can a study include more than one control group?
Yes, studies can include multiple control groups. For example, if several distinct groups of subjects do not receive the treatment, these would be the control groups.
5. How is the control group treated differently from the experimental groups?
The control group and the experimental group(s) are treated identically except for one key difference: exposure to the independent variable, which is the factor being tested. The experimental group is subjected to the independent variable, whereas the control group is not.
This distinction allows researchers to measure the effect of the independent variable on the experimental group by comparing it to the control group, which serves as a baseline or standard.
Bailey, R. A. (2008). Design of Comparative Experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9.
Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9.
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