Each funding opportunity specifies the participating organizations. Applications must fit within the mission of at least one participating funding organization and meet all opportunity-specific requirements.
Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives, Office of Disease Prevention ( ODP )
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ( NICHD )
Fogarty International Center ( FIC )
National Cancer Institute ( NCI )
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health ( NCCIH )
National Eye Institute ( NEI )
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ( NHLBI )
National Human Genome Research Institute ( NHGRI )
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( NIAID )
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases ( NIAMS )
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering ( NIBIB )
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research ( NIDCR )
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( NIDDK )
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( NIEHS )
National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH )
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ( NINDS )
National Institute on Aging ( NIA )
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA )
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders ( NIDCD )
National Institute on Drug Abuse ( NIDA )
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities ( NIMHD )
National Library of Medicine ( NLM )
Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research ( OBSSR )
Office of Research on Women's Health ( ORWH )
Your organization's sponsored programs office or grants administrators can answer many internal and agency policy and process questions.
Before you apply, check your chosen funding opportunity for application submission, scientific/research, peer review, and financial/grants management contacts.
After you apply, find NIH staff assignments in the Status module of eRA Commons .
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Methodology
Research Methods | Definitions, Types, Examples
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design . When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make.
First, decide how you will collect data . Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question :
Qualitative vs. quantitative : Will your data take the form of words or numbers?
Primary vs. secondary : Will you collect original data yourself, or will you use data that has already been collected by someone else?
Descriptive vs. experimental : Will you take measurements of something as it is, or will you perform an experiment?
Second, decide how you will analyze the data .
For quantitative data, you can use statistical analysis methods to test relationships between variables.
For qualitative data, you can use methods such as thematic analysis to interpret patterns and meanings in the data.
Table of contents
Methods for collecting data, examples of data collection methods, methods for analyzing data, examples of data analysis methods, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research methods.
Data is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your research question . The type of data you need depends on the aims of your research.
Qualitative vs. quantitative data
Your choice of qualitative or quantitative data collection depends on the type of knowledge you want to develop.
For questions about ideas, experiences and meanings, or to study something that can’t be described numerically, collect qualitative data .
If you want to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic, or your research involves hypothesis testing , collect quantitative data .
Qualitative
to broader populations. .
Quantitative
.
You can also take a mixed methods approach , where you use both qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Primary vs. secondary research
Primary research is any original data that you collect yourself for the purposes of answering your research question (e.g. through surveys , observations and experiments ). Secondary research is data that has already been collected by other researchers (e.g. in a government census or previous scientific studies).
If you are exploring a novel research question, you’ll probably need to collect primary data . But if you want to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze historical trends, or identify patterns on a large scale, secondary data might be a better choice.
Primary
.
methods.
Secondary
Descriptive vs. experimental data
In descriptive research , you collect data about your study subject without intervening. The validity of your research will depend on your sampling method .
In experimental research , you systematically intervene in a process and measure the outcome. The validity of your research will depend on your experimental design .
To conduct an experiment, you need to be able to vary your independent variable , precisely measure your dependent variable, and control for confounding variables . If it’s practically and ethically possible, this method is the best choice for answering questions about cause and effect.
Descriptive
. .
Experimental
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Research methods for collecting data
Research method
Primary or secondary?
Qualitative or quantitative?
When to use
Primary
Quantitative
To test cause-and-effect relationships.
Primary
Quantitative
To understand general characteristics of a population.
Interview/focus group
Primary
Qualitative
To gain more in-depth understanding of a topic.
Observation
Primary
Either
To understand how something occurs in its natural setting.
Secondary
Either
To situate your research in an existing body of work, or to evaluate trends within a research topic.
Either
Either
To gain an in-depth understanding of a specific group or context, or when you don’t have the resources for a large study.
Your data analysis methods will depend on the type of data you collect and how you prepare it for analysis.
Data can often be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, survey responses could be analyzed qualitatively by studying the meanings of responses or quantitatively by studying the frequencies of responses.
Qualitative analysis methods
Qualitative analysis is used to understand words, ideas, and experiences. You can use it to interpret data that was collected:
From open-ended surveys and interviews , literature reviews , case studies , ethnographies , and other sources that use text rather than numbers.
Using non-probability sampling methods .
Qualitative analysis tends to be quite flexible and relies on the researcher’s judgement, so you have to reflect carefully on your choices and assumptions and be careful to avoid research bias .
Quantitative analysis methods
Quantitative analysis uses numbers and statistics to understand frequencies, averages and correlations (in descriptive studies) or cause-and-effect relationships (in experiments).
You can use quantitative analysis to interpret data that was collected either:
During an experiment .
Using probability sampling methods .
Because the data is collected and analyzed in a statistically valid way, the results of quantitative analysis can be easily standardized and shared among researchers.
Research methods for analyzing data
Research method
Qualitative or quantitative?
When to use
Quantitative
To analyze data collected in a statistically valid manner (e.g. from experiments, surveys, and observations).
Meta-analysis
Quantitative
To statistically analyze the results of a large collection of studies.
Can only be applied to studies that collected data in a statistically valid manner.
Qualitative
To analyze data collected from interviews, , or textual sources.
To understand general themes in the data and how they are communicated.
Either
To analyze large volumes of textual or visual data collected from surveys, literature reviews, or other sources.
Can be quantitative (i.e. frequencies of words) or qualitative (i.e. meanings of words).
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If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Chi square test of independence
Statistical power
Descriptive statistics
Degrees of freedom
Pearson correlation
Null hypothesis
Double-blind study
Case-control study
Research ethics
Data collection
Hypothesis testing
Structured interviews
Research bias
Hawthorne effect
Unconscious bias
Recall bias
Halo effect
Self-serving bias
Information bias
Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.
In mixed methods research , you use both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to answer your research question .
A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.
In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.
The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .
If you want to measure something or test a hypothesis , use quantitative methods . If you want to explore ideas, thoughts and meanings, use qualitative methods .
If you want to analyze a large amount of readily-available data, use secondary data. If you want data specific to your purposes with control over how it is generated, collect primary data.
If you want to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables , use experimental methods. If you want to understand the characteristics of a research subject, use descriptive methods.
Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.
Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).
In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .
In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.
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Fed paper sketches out slow slog to unload central bank's mortgage bonds
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OECD sees global growth stabilising at 3.2% this year
Global growth is in the process of stabilising as the drag from central bank rate hikes fades and falling inflation boosts households' incomes, the OECD said on Wednesday, marginally raising its outlook for this year.
How to write a research paper? Learn step by step from the scratch
How to Write a Research Paper: Guide, Steps & Writing Tips
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What is a Research
Difference between Research paper and a review. Which one is more important?
What is research
Research Meaning
How to Write a Research Paper
What is Research paper.#researchpaper
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What is a research paper?
Definition. A research paper is a paper that makes an argument about a topic based on research and analysis. Any paper requiring the writer to research a particular topic is a research paper. Unlike essays, which are often based largely on opinion and are written from the author's point of view, research papers are based in fact.
How to Write a Research Paper: the LEAP approach (+cheat sheet)
Step 1: Lay Out the Facts. You have worked long hours on a research project that has produced results and are no doubt curious to determine what they exactly mean. There is no better way to do this than by preparing figures, graphics and tables. This is what the first LEAP step is focused on - diving into the results.
How to Write a Research Paper
Choose a research paper topic. There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.. You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.
Research Paper
Research Paper. Definition: Research Paper is a written document that presents the author's original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue. It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to ...
What Is a Research Paper?
A research paper is a common form of academic writing. Research papers require students and academics to locate information about a topic (that is, to conduct research), take a stand on that topic, and provide support (or evidence) for that position in an organized report. The term research paper may also refer to a scholarly article that ...
Genre and the Research Paper
Research: What it is. A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. It is, perhaps, helpful to think of the research paper as a living thing, which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets, and evaluates sources related ...
What are the different types of research papers?
Experimental research paper. This type of research paper basically describes a particular experiment in detail. It is common in fields like: biology. chemistry. physics. Experiments are aimed to explain a certain outcome or phenomenon with certain actions. You need to describe your experiment with supporting data and then analyze it sufficiently.
The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Research Paper
What is a research paper? A research paper is a type of academic writing that provides an in-depth analysis, evaluation, or interpretation of a single topic, based on empirical evidence. Research papers are similar to analytical essays, except that research papers emphasize the use of statistical data and preexisting research, along with a strict code for citations.
How to Write a Research Paper
Formatting your research paper means you can submit it to your college, journal, or other publications in compliance with their criteria. Research papers tend to follow the American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), or Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) guidelines. Here's how each style guide is typically used:
Research Paper: Student Guidelines & Examples
Abstract or Executive Summary means the first section of a research paper that provides the study's purpose, its questions or suggestions, and main findings with conclusions. Moreover, this paragraph of about 150 words should be written when the whole work is finished already (Graham & McCoy, 2014). Hence, abstract sections should describe key aspects of studies, including discussions about ...
Writing a Research Paper Introduction
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
How to Write a Research Paper
Research Paper Definition. A research paper is an essay that evaluates or argues a perception or a point. Overview of research paper. Research papers are papers written as in-depth analyses of the academic literature on a selected topic. A research paper outline consists of planning out the main sections of the paper, including the points and ...
11.1 The Purpose of Research Writing
Step 4: Organizing Research and the Writer's Ideas. When your research is complete, you will organize your findings and decide which sources to cite in your paper. You will also have an opportunity to evaluate the evidence you have collected and determine whether it supports your thesis, or the focus of your paper.
How to Write a Literature Review
When you write a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to: Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context; Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
What Is Research, and Why Do People Do It?
Abstractspiepr Abs1. Every day people do research as they gather information to learn about something of interest. In the scientific world, however, research means something different than simply gathering information. Scientific research is characterized by its careful planning and observing, by its relentless efforts to understand and explain ...
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper
The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing current understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, explaining briefly ...
Research Paper
A research paper is an academic document that provides an in-depth analysis, interpretation, conclusion, recommendation, and argument regarding a particular subject matter. A research paper is one form of academic writing that follows a given format which requires researchers to learn more about a given topic and then provide a documented ...
White papers, working papers, preprints: What's the difference?
White paper. A white paper is a report, often compiled by government agencies, businesses and nonprofit organizations, that outlines an issue and often explores possible solutions to a problem. For example, in November 2021, the federal Office of Community Oriented Policing Services released a white paper looking at factors that help or hinder ...
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper
The discussion section is often considered the most important part of your research paper because it: Most effectively demonstrates your ability as a researcher to think critically about an issue, to develop creative solutions to problems based upon a logical synthesis of the findings, and to formulate a deeper, more profound understanding of the research problem under investigation;
Definition of Human Subjects Research
Learn more about research that meets the definition human subjects research, Federal regulation requirements, and whether your project may be considered exempt. Also, learn about NIH specific considerations and become more familiar with NIH policies, and other regulations as it relates to human subjects research protections.
The Future of Climate Research at the USGS
On September 6, the USGS released the U.S. Geological Survey Climate Science Plan—Future Research Directions, the culmination of a two-year effort by the Climate Science Plan Writing Team.The team was charged with identifying the major climate science topics of future concern and developing an integrated approach to conducting climate science in support of the USGS, Department of the ...
What Is Quantitative Research?
Revised on June 22, 2023. Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations. Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and analyzing ...
Using The Difference-In-Differences Design with Panel Data in
Difference-in-differences (DID) is a popular design of causal inference in. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4898731 Corpus ID: 272361831; Using The Difference-In-Differences Design with Panel Data in International Business Research: Progress, Potential Issues, and Practical Suggestions
What Is Research Misconduct
Definition of Research Misconduct As an agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), NIH follows the Public Health Service (PHS) Policies on Research Misconduct 42 CFR 93 . Research misconduct means fabricating, falsifying, and/or plagiarizing in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.
Mpox response: Building resilience through public health research capacity
She has also designed and implemented a new surveillance system for tracking infections that uses a QR code, replacing a paper-based system, and conducted meetings to help colleagues use it. Dr Trigui's proactive approach is a testament to the impact of the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT). This programme, led ...
Life Extension of Wind Turbine Drivetrains by means of SCADA Data: Case
In line with earlier research on SCADA data, the results suggest that using only SCADA temperature data, may not be a good indicator for estimating the remaining useful life long in advance, [40], [41], however, the results of this paper provides a method which can help the operator to identify problematic components over the year, from ...
What Is Qualitative Research?
Revised on September 5, 2024. Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which ...
Small Research Grants (R03)
Small, self-contained research projects; Development of research methodology; Development of new research technology; A doctoral student may not apply for an R03 grant to support thesis or dissertation research. An R03 award may be used to assist students who are pursuing dissertation studies when the work is within the scope of the R03 award.
Research Methods
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question:
Fed paper sketches out slow slog to unload central bank's mortgage
The paper said that if interest rates decline consistent with early summer expectations, the Fed's mortgage holdings will ebb to $1.2 trillion by the end of 2030 and $700 billion by the close of 2035.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Definition. A research paper is a paper that makes an argument about a topic based on research and analysis. Any paper requiring the writer to research a particular topic is a research paper. Unlike essays, which are often based largely on opinion and are written from the author's point of view, research papers are based in fact.
Step 1: Lay Out the Facts. You have worked long hours on a research project that has produced results and are no doubt curious to determine what they exactly mean. There is no better way to do this than by preparing figures, graphics and tables. This is what the first LEAP step is focused on - diving into the results.
Choose a research paper topic. There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.. You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.
Research Paper. Definition: Research Paper is a written document that presents the author's original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue. It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to ...
A research paper is a common form of academic writing. Research papers require students and academics to locate information about a topic (that is, to conduct research), take a stand on that topic, and provide support (or evidence) for that position in an organized report. The term research paper may also refer to a scholarly article that ...
Research: What it is. A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. It is, perhaps, helpful to think of the research paper as a living thing, which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets, and evaluates sources related ...
Experimental research paper. This type of research paper basically describes a particular experiment in detail. It is common in fields like: biology. chemistry. physics. Experiments are aimed to explain a certain outcome or phenomenon with certain actions. You need to describe your experiment with supporting data and then analyze it sufficiently.
What is a research paper? A research paper is a type of academic writing that provides an in-depth analysis, evaluation, or interpretation of a single topic, based on empirical evidence. Research papers are similar to analytical essays, except that research papers emphasize the use of statistical data and preexisting research, along with a strict code for citations.
Formatting your research paper means you can submit it to your college, journal, or other publications in compliance with their criteria. Research papers tend to follow the American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), or Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) guidelines. Here's how each style guide is typically used:
Abstract or Executive Summary means the first section of a research paper that provides the study's purpose, its questions or suggestions, and main findings with conclusions. Moreover, this paragraph of about 150 words should be written when the whole work is finished already (Graham & McCoy, 2014). Hence, abstract sections should describe key aspects of studies, including discussions about ...
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
Research Paper Definition. A research paper is an essay that evaluates or argues a perception or a point. Overview of research paper. Research papers are papers written as in-depth analyses of the academic literature on a selected topic. A research paper outline consists of planning out the main sections of the paper, including the points and ...
Step 4: Organizing Research and the Writer's Ideas. When your research is complete, you will organize your findings and decide which sources to cite in your paper. You will also have an opportunity to evaluate the evidence you have collected and determine whether it supports your thesis, or the focus of your paper.
When you write a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to: Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context; Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
Abstractspiepr Abs1. Every day people do research as they gather information to learn about something of interest. In the scientific world, however, research means something different than simply gathering information. Scientific research is characterized by its careful planning and observing, by its relentless efforts to understand and explain ...
The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing current understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, explaining briefly ...
A research paper is an academic document that provides an in-depth analysis, interpretation, conclusion, recommendation, and argument regarding a particular subject matter. A research paper is one form of academic writing that follows a given format which requires researchers to learn more about a given topic and then provide a documented ...
White paper. A white paper is a report, often compiled by government agencies, businesses and nonprofit organizations, that outlines an issue and often explores possible solutions to a problem. For example, in November 2021, the federal Office of Community Oriented Policing Services released a white paper looking at factors that help or hinder ...
The discussion section is often considered the most important part of your research paper because it: Most effectively demonstrates your ability as a researcher to think critically about an issue, to develop creative solutions to problems based upon a logical synthesis of the findings, and to formulate a deeper, more profound understanding of the research problem under investigation;
Learn more about research that meets the definition human subjects research, Federal regulation requirements, and whether your project may be considered exempt. Also, learn about NIH specific considerations and become more familiar with NIH policies, and other regulations as it relates to human subjects research protections.
On September 6, the USGS released the U.S. Geological Survey Climate Science Plan—Future Research Directions, the culmination of a two-year effort by the Climate Science Plan Writing Team.The team was charged with identifying the major climate science topics of future concern and developing an integrated approach to conducting climate science in support of the USGS, Department of the ...
Revised on June 22, 2023. Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations. Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and analyzing ...
Difference-in-differences (DID) is a popular design of causal inference in. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4898731 Corpus ID: 272361831; Using The Difference-In-Differences Design with Panel Data in International Business Research: Progress, Potential Issues, and Practical Suggestions
Definition of Research Misconduct As an agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), NIH follows the Public Health Service (PHS) Policies on Research Misconduct 42 CFR 93 . Research misconduct means fabricating, falsifying, and/or plagiarizing in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.
She has also designed and implemented a new surveillance system for tracking infections that uses a QR code, replacing a paper-based system, and conducted meetings to help colleagues use it. Dr Trigui's proactive approach is a testament to the impact of the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT). This programme, led ...
In line with earlier research on SCADA data, the results suggest that using only SCADA temperature data, may not be a good indicator for estimating the remaining useful life long in advance, [40], [41], however, the results of this paper provides a method which can help the operator to identify problematic components over the year, from ...
Revised on September 5, 2024. Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which ...
Small, self-contained research projects; Development of research methodology; Development of new research technology; A doctoral student may not apply for an R03 grant to support thesis or dissertation research. An R03 award may be used to assist students who are pursuing dissertation studies when the work is within the scope of the R03 award.
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question:
The paper said that if interest rates decline consistent with early summer expectations, the Fed's mortgage holdings will ebb to $1.2 trillion by the end of 2030 and $700 billion by the close of 2035.